https://www.clinsurggroup.us/journals/journal-of-clinical-research-and-ophthalmology A Peertechz Open Access Journal en-us 06 Mar, 2026 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/JCRO-13-212.php The retinal degeneration condition leads to permanent vision loss, which affects millions of people worldwide who suffer from age-related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, diabetic retinopathy, and other inherited retinal disorders. The medical field once believed that damage to photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium cells would result in permanent loss because neural retinal tissue cannot repair itself. The medical field has undergone a significant shift in this context due to advances in regenerative medicine. The medical field uses stem cell technologies to create patient-specific retinal cells from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs). The practice of gene therapy, utilizing viral vector-based gene replacement and CRISPR-based genome editing, has yielded successful results that enhance visual capabilities for certain inherited retinal conditions. The use of retinal tissue engineering methods, combined with biomaterial scaffolds and three-dimensional retinal organoids, enables scientists to create structures that support cell survival as cells adapt to new environments. The review compiles evidence from clinical and preclinical studies published after 2015 that investigate retinal regeneration methods. Results indicate that iPSC-derived RPE transplantation leads to retinal structural restoration, gene therapy enables partial vision recovery for specific genetic mutations, and engineered scaffolds strengthen photoreceptor cells, aiding synaptic connections. While these approaches show promise, challenges remain: developing treatments compatible with the immune system, ensuring long-term efficacy, addressing safety in gene editing, and achieving scalable production. Current evidence indicates that retinal regeneration research has progressed to early clinical application, offering real possibilities for restoring vision in patients with previously untreatable retinal disorders. 14 Jan, 2026 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/JCRO-13-211.php China's higher education has entered a stage of universalization. This is not only a quantitative change, but also a qualitative transformation in many aspects, including entry requirements, training models, social needs, teaching methods, and training objectives. Higher education needs to cultivate hundreds of millions of high-quality workers, tens of millions of specialized talents, and a large number of outstanding innovative talents. This diversification of objectives inevitably leads to a diversification of graduates' employment orientations and forms, thereby promoting a profound shift in their employment concepts. This article explores in depth how college graduates can better adapt to social needs, keep pace with the times, abandon traditional employment views, and establish correct employment perspectives. 02 Dec, 2025 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/JCRO-12-210.php An 11-year-old female presented complaining of bilateral eye watering during urination. An ocular and urinary system examination was normal. This phenomenon has been reported in 5 cases. Our review adds to the theory that this apparently rare phenomenon may be underreported and is more common than previously thought. 05 Aug, 2025 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/JCRO-12-209.php A 22-year-old male presented with progressively worsening night vision and peripheral visual field constriction over the past few years. Notably, he reported that his younger sister exhibited similar symptoms, suggesting a hereditary pattern. Best-corrected visual acuity was markedly reduced to finger counting at two meters in both eyes. Intraocular pressures were within normal limits—9 mmHg in the right eye and 11 mmHg in the left eye. Anterior segment examination revealed no abnormalities. 08 Apr, 2025 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/JCRO-12-208.php Objective: To describe the low vision management of a 26-year-old female diagnosed with bilateral Stargardt’s disease, a progressive macular degeneration condition, and to evaluate the effectiveness of various low vision aids in improving her visual functioning. Methods: A detailed low vision assessment was performed on a 26-year-old patient with a history of gradual visual decline over 8 years. Her visual acuity, refractive error, and the impact of her visual impairment on daily tasks were evaluated. Low vision devices, including a hand-held magnifier, clip-on telescope, and absorptive lenses, were trialed to assess improvements in near and distance vision tasks. The patient’s comfort with glare reduction and lighting conditions was also assessed. Results: The patient’s visual acuity was 0.50 logMAR in the right eye and 0.56 logMAR in the left eye. She showed significant improvement in near vision (N8) with a hand-held magnifier (1.5X) and in distance vision (0.20 logMAR) with a clip-on telescope (1.5X). Absorptive lenses with a yellow filter were well accepted, significantly reducing glare sensitivity. The patient reported improved comfort in both near and distance tasks and was able to maintain independence in daily living activities. Conclusion: This case demonstrates the importance of early low vision rehabilitation in managing Stargardt’s disease. Magnification devices and glare-reducing filters, combined with appropriate training, significantly improve visual function and quality of life. Regular follow-up and adaptation of low vision aids are essential as the disease progresses. This study highlights the effectiveness of low vision interventions in managing the challenges associated with Stargardt’s disease. 12 Feb, 2025 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/JCRO-12-207.php Purpose: To determine the effect of handcrafting on different types of refractive errors and to verify whether there is an association between asthenopia and presbyopia with this labor. The study design was a case series study (stratified random sampling study). Study conducted in Lucknow district of Uttar Pradesh from May 2022 to June 2023. Material and Methods: For this study, 4800 subjects aged 16-35 years were selected. Visual acuity, retinoscopy, flashlight examination, ophthalmoscopy, and pencil push-up test were performed on each subject. A questionnaire was also completed with the information given by the subjects after informed consent. Results: For this study, a total of 4800 patients, 35% were males and 65% females, aged 16 to 35 years, were selected to check for eye strain, headache, decrease in near vision before the age of 35 years, and whether or not any type of refractive error was present in the sample. 70% of patients had near visual acuity of N6, 17% had N8, and 13% were between N10-N12. In this study, there were only 13% emmetropes, 42% myopes, 28% hyperopes and 17% astigmatism. Of the N6 group, 57.1% suffered from ocular complaints and 62.8% from headaches. In the N8 group, 88.2% had ocular strain and 94.1% had headache. In group N10-N12, 69.2% had ocular strain and 92.3% had headache. Conclusion: There is a strong association between refractive errors and pre-presbyopia, but a strong association with asthenopia in workers in handcrafting occupations. 09 Jul, 2024 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/JCRO-11-206.php Normal-Tension Glaucoma (NTG) is the most prevalent form of glaucoma among individuals in Asian countries. While lowering intraocular pressure (IOP) remains the standard of care, this approach is insufficient for most NTG patients. Recent evidence documents the role of ischemia and oxidative stress as critical factors affecting the optic nerve in NTG. Consequently, addressing these factors has been recommended as a neuroprotective strategy. While conventional treatment strategies primarily target the reduction of IOP, this yields limited efficacy and eventual blindness in many NTG cases. Recent studies document another crucial parameter: Retinal Venous Pressure (RVP). Elevated RVP impedes retinal perfusion, resulting in oxidative stress and localized ischemia, and exacerbating optic nerve damage in NTG. Elevated RVP also appears to be a contributing factor in small vessel ischemia associated with diabetic retinopathy and macular degeneration. The underlying cause of elevated RVP is small vessel endotheliopathy, which may result from alterations in methylation and B-vitamin metabolism, leading to changed microcirculation. This metabolic disruption can arise from dietary inadequacies, malabsorption, or genetic polymorphisms affecting the methylation pathways. Restoring plasma levels of folate and B-12 can be achieved through supplementation with natural forms of these vitamins, specifically L-methylfolate, and methylcobalamin. Unlike oxidized folate (folic acid), which must be enzymatically converted to methylfolate to penetrate the blood-retinal barrier, L-methylfolate can be directly utilized. Excess unmetabolized folic acid can impede methyl folate absorption into the retina, underscoring the necessity of using methyl folate for effective supplementation. We propose integrating RVP screening into NTG risk assessments and consider a targeted vitamin supplement, such as Ocufolin®, as a viable adjunct approach to manage elevated RVP and potentially mitigate NTG progression. 24 May, 2024 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/JCRO-11-205.php Thyroid eye disease can be associated via cataract surgery with devastating visual consequences. A systematic review of the clinical records of patients with aggravation of their thyroid orbitopathy after eye surgery at a tertiary facility was performed. Patients who had worsening of their thyroid orbitopathy within the post-operative period of cataract surgery were included. Clinical findings were reviewed including clinical examination and imaging. A literature review was also performed. Two patients who underwent cataract surgery and presented with newly diagnosed and severe thyroid orbitopathy post-operatively were identified. Both patients were male, averaging 71 years of age. Both patients noticed symptoms of diplopia within one week after cataract surgery and had clinical and imaging findings consistent with severe thyroid orbitopathy. Both patients required urgent bilateral orbital decompression due to compressive optic neuropathy. Visual acuity was preserved in both patients. The average follow-up was 6 years. Males who have activation of TED after cataract surgery appear to have a higher risk of developing compressive optic neuropathy and require immediate intervention, which is consistent with male gender as a risk factor for severe disease. Patients with thyroid disease should be counselled pre-operatively about the risk of disease aggravation after cataract surgery. 14 Mar, 2024 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/JCRO-11-204.php Study design: Case report. Purpose: To study the efficacy of systemic steroids in pediatric pseudotumor cerebri. Introduction: Pseudotumor cerebri is a condition caused by elevated intracranial pressure presenting most commonly with headache. It is a diagnosis of exclusion. Methods: A 15-year-old girl presented in our outpatient department with a headache for 3 months, more in the posterior aspect, continuous type with severe intensity, non-radiating. On examination, the best corrected visual acuity in her right eye was 6/9, and her left eye was 6/6 parts. She had a normal anterior segment and normal Intraocular Pressure (IOP). Fundoscopy showed both optic discs edematous, pink in color with blurry disc margins, tortuous disc vessels, and edematous peripapillary area. The rest of the retina was normal. Lumbar puncture showed elevated opening CSF pressure and normal CSF composition. Hence she was diagnosed with IIH. She was started on oral prednisolone 1mg/kgbw once a day dosage, oral acetazolamide 250 mg once a day, topical nepafenac 0.1% one drop thrice a day and timolol 0.5% eye drops twice a day. Discussion: The main goals of treatment are alleviation of symptoms, including headache, and preservation of vision. Steroids were commonly used for treating IIH in the past, but cause significant long-term side effects, such as weight gain, that are undesirable in IIH patients. Furthermore, withdrawal of steroids can cause rebound intracranial hypertension. Thus, steroids should not be used routinely for IIH treatment. Results: By the end of one month, the patient was relieved of symptoms, best corrected visual acuity was 6/6 in both eyes with normal IOP, normal optic disc in both eyes. Conclusion: Steroids are an effective way of managing idiopathic intracranial hypertension in pediatric patients. 14 Mar, 2024 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/JCRO-11-203.php Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of posterior sub-tenon injection of triamcinolone in non-resolving vitreoretinits. Introduction: Vitreoretinits is the inflammation of the vitreous and retina. In a non-resolving case of vitreoretinitis steroids are the mainstay of treatment. Steroids can be administered via various routes into the eye. Posterior subtenon injection of Triamcinolone acetonide is an effective treatment option for anatomical and functional improvement in intermediate and posterior uveitis. Methods: A 46-year-old female presented to the outpatient department with decreased vision in her left eye for 3 months. On examination, she had a BCVA of 6/60 in her left eye. Fundoscopy showed vitreous haze grade 3 due to vitritis, multiple vitreoretinal tractional bands extending along both the superior and inferior arcade, macular edema, and a retinitis patch of less than half disc diameter size just above the superior arcade. The patient was positive for IgG antibodies to Cytomegalovirus and Herpes Simplex virus. The patient was started on oral prednisolone 1mg/kgbw once a day and topical prednisolone acetate 1.0%, nepafenac 0.3%, and timolol 0.5%. The patient was given posterior subtenon injection of 0.5ml of triamcinolone acetonide 40mg/ml. Results: She had 6/12 BCVA at the end of 1 month with resolving vitritis and macular edema. By the end of 3 months, she had fully resolved vitreoretinitis with 6/6 vision. Discussion: Most steroids used in ophthalmology are glucocorticoids, which have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive activity. Triamcinolone Acetonide is a minimally water-soluble suspension. Triamcinolone crystals slowly dissolve into the vitreous. This creates a diffusional gradient from the vitreous to the macula with minimal systemic exposure. Our study also showed significant improvement in visual acuity and reduction in macular edema with a single posterior subtenon injection of triamcinolone acetonide. Conclusion: A subtenon injection of triamcinolone acetonide appears to be an effective treatment for decreased vision associated with intermediate and posterior uveitis without any significant side effects. 07 Mar, 2024 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/JCRO-11-202.php If glaucoma is not treated, it can worsen and cause irreparable vision loss. It results from elevated intraocular pressure that gradually deteriorates the optic nerve. It is unclear exactly what causes this build-up of pressure, but several factors, including age, genetics, and specific medical disorders, may be involved. Glaucoma frequently has mild symptoms that take time to manifest and may not be apparent until considerable harm has already been done. Early detection and treatment can help prevent additional vision loss, which is why routine eye exams are so crucial. In order to reduce intraocular pressure, glaucoma is usually treated with medication or surgery. Eye drops, tablets, or a mix of the two can be prescribed. Traditional filtration surgery is one of the surgical options or more recently less invasive techniques. Glaucoma is a dangerous eye condition that needs to be closely watched over and managed. Although early diagnosis and therapy can help protect vision and prevent additional impairment, there is currently no treatment for the disease. People who are at elevated risk for glaucoma, including those who have a family history of the condition or who are older than 60, should make an appointment for regular checkups with an ophthalmologist to be checked for glaucoma symptoms. The article's summary will aid researchers in their efforts to improve glaucoma treatment. 19 Apr, 2023 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/JCRO-10-201.php The study of the biomechanics of the eye is important for understanding the mechanisms of its functioning and the causes of the development of pathologies. New knowledge helps to better diagnose a number of diseases and develop effective methods for their treatment. The theoretical results obtained can give impetus to new research in this area. In this paper, the displacement of the eyeball as a whole body along the optical axis is considered. 29 Oct, 2022 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/JCRO-9-200.php A 40-year-old male patient was referred to our hospital for cataract surgery in both eyes with the explicit wish to get simultaneously rid of his eyeglasses. To allow for postoperative flexibility, we performed a bilateral implantation of a monofocal intraocular ‘standard’ lens in combination with an additional toric-multifocal lens. During the postoperative examinations the patient complained about pronounced halos in twilight and darkness. Visual acuity was excellent for distance, intermediate and near distances. Both IOLs were well centered and showed no tilt or other morphological discrepancies. Despite our extensive treatment efforts, including supportive training for neural adaptation, the patient perceived no signs of improvement. Finally, we had to explant both additional IOLs. The primary corneal incisions were bluntly reopened and the additional IOLs were removed in a minimal traumatic procedure. With the retained IOL in the capsular bag and subsequently ordained progressive eyeglasses the patient obtained full vision at all distances. Our preoperative planning to compensate for presbyopia with a separate IOL, proved to be a good decision. Otherwise, the explantation of a multifocal IOL, ingrown in the capsular bag, could have entailed a number of complications. In such delicate cases, additional IOL may offer a very save and simple alternative. 01 Oct, 2022 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/JCRO-9-199.php The paper presents an etiologic approach to visual and ocular alterations caused by intensive computer usage, with the aim of carrying out the risk factors and presenting the preventive measures that are to be applied. The prevalence of computer-induced eye problems is constantly growing and will remain so as long as humanity is dependent on most activities on electronic devices. The eye care burden is exclusively in charge of the user and the multitude of intrinsic, environmental, professional, and ergonomic factors with specific preventive measures are quite difficult to manage. In more developed communities there is an emphasis on eye health education, periodic ophthalmological examinations, and ergonomic organization of the computer workspace, but an important subjective risk factor remains nevertheless uncontrolled: the proximity to the screen during work. For this matter, it is presented one solution for visual impairment prevention among computer users, consisting of a simple automated system (OptoGuard) for warning persons when working too close to the screen, exceeding the eye safety proximity interval (which is measured through the webcam). The preliminary results, obtained for the Euclidean distance measurement, as the webcam currently allows, had an average error of 4%, the warning message appearing on the screen every time the user’s proximity fell below 38 cm. Further developments aim at expanding the visual area monitoring to asses several levels of the other factors that lead to computer-related health problems: posture, angle of viewing, and brightness of the screen. 14 Sep, 2022 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/JCRO-9-198.php Ehlers-Danlos disease, usually called Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, is an inherited connective tissue disorder that spares the central nervous system except in its connective component. It is manifested by a set of symptoms and clinical signs which are the expression of the connective tissue’s frailty. Visual manifestations are explained by tissue’s fragility and proprioception disturbance increased by muscle dysfunctions: cornea’s fragility, photophobia, diplopia, blepharospasms, eyelids’ retractions, myopia, and astigmatism. The orthoptist’s role is to help in the prescription of prism correction rather than rehabilitation, which is ineffective. In combination, global effect treatments, in particular for dystonia, and dysautonomia… is essential in this frequent disease, poorly described and therefore very seldom diagnosed. It is transmitted to all the children of an affected person. The objective of this work is to contribute to the diagnosis of Ehlers-Danlos disease more often and more frequently in affected families. The orthoptist's role is very important because the correction of diplopia has functional consequences. Pine-hole glasses may give some relief by filtering out the light that dazzles these patients significantly. 19 Jul, 2022 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/JCRO-9-197.php Cornea and ocular surface specialists need a form of tonometry for those cases where it is not possible to use Goldmann applanation tonometry (GAT) on the cornea. There are many situations in which the condition of the cornea prevents adequate monitoring of the intraocular pressure (IOP) with applanation tonometry, such as the existence of neurotrophic ulcers, corneal infections, or abscesses, corneal injuries or corneal de-epithelization. In addition, certain ocular postoperative situations, require a digital estimation of high or low pressure as the only option for IOP monitoring. 17 May, 2022 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/JCRO-9-196.php Purpose: To assess the efficacy and safety of bibrocathol 2% eye ointment in patients with chronic blepharoconjunctivitis. Materials and methods: This was a multi-center, randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, phase III study. Patients with chronic blepharoconjunctivitis were randomized to apply either bibrocathol 2% (n = 100) or placebo (n = 100) three times a day for 14 days. The primary efficacy endpoint was the change from baseline to Day 15(+1 day) in the total score of signs summarizing the investigators’ assessment of the severity of lid oedema, lid erythema, debris, hyperemia, and pouting of Meibomian glands based on slit-lamp examination (modified Intention-to-treat (mITT) set). Safety endpoints included visual acuity, intraocular pressure, and adverse events. Investigators and patients performed an overall assessment of treatment tolerability. Results: On Day 15(+1 day) the least square (LS) mean change from baseline in the total sum score of signs was -8.62 (95% CI: -9.16; -8.08) in the bibrocathol group and -6.00 (95%CI: -6.54; -5.45) in the placebo group. The LS means the difference between treatment groups was statistically significant in favor of bibrocathol (-2.63 [95% CI: -3.36, -1.89], p < 0.001). Bibrocathol was statistically significantly superior to placebo in reduction of the individual ocular signs scores and the patient’s-assessed ocular discomfort severity (p < 0.001). No safety issues were observed concerning visual acuity, intraocular pressure, and the occurrence of adverse events. Conclusions: The study showed superior efficacy of two weeks of treatment with bibrocathol versus placebo in reducing signs and symptoms of chronic blepharoconjunctivitis. Treatment with bibrocathol 2% eye ointment was safe and well-tolerated. 09 Mar, 2022 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/JCRO-9-195.php A previously healthy 38-year-old woman with non-radiographic spondyloarthritis (nrSpA) developed juxta-foveal Choroidal Neovascularization (CNV) in the right eye three months after starting treatment with the anti-IL-17A inhibitor secukinumab. As there was no sign of ocular inflammation, no known association with CNV and this rheumatic disease, and other etiologic etiologies were excluded, this biologic agent was the suspected cause. Drug discontinuation and treatment with bevacizumab resulted in full suppression of the neovascular activity. IL-17 has a purported etiologic role in ocular neovascular diseases. The onset of this process in a patient receiving anti-IL-17 therapy suggests a possible causative role requiring further clarification. 07 Jan, 2022 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/JCRO-9-194.php Purpose: To compare postoperative astigmatism and visual outcome following phacoemulsification versus Manual Small Incision Cataract Surgery (MSICS) seen at a tertiary care center. Method: A total of 100 patients were enrolled in this retrospective study. Group A included 50 patients undergoing phacoemulsification surgery and group B included 50 patients undergoing MSICS. The outcome was evaluated in both techniques in terms of astigmatic profile and visual outcome at post-operative day 1 and 3 months. Results: The mean age was 60 ± 1.84 years in the phacoemulsification group and 61 ± 1.25 years in the MSICS group. In the phacoemulsification group, 60% were male patients as compared with 40% female patients while MSICS group included 62% female patients and 38 % male patients. The initial visual recovery on the first postoperative day was better in the patients who underwent phacoemulsification, with the uncorrected visual acuity better than or equal to 6/18 in 94% of the patients, whereas the percentage was 72% in the MSICS group. At three months, 80% of the patients in the MSICS group had uncorrected visual acuity better than or equal to 6/18 versus 88% of the patients in the phacoemulsification group. The mean astigmatism was 0.808 ± 0.39D in the phaco group and 1.565 ± 0.51D in the MSICS group, p-value significant (0.0001). Conclusion: Both phacoemulsification and MSICS achieved comparable and excellent visual outcomes. However, MSICS appears to be more advantageous than phacoemulsification in terms of speed, cost and independence from technology and appears to be more suitable for mass surgery especially in developing countries. 28 Sep, 2021 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/JCRO-8-193.php Optic neuritis presents as an acute or subacute inflammatory episode. Objective: Describe the clinical-epidemiological characteristics in 7 cases with unilateral optic neuritis and evaluate the therapeutic results obtained. Material and method: A series of cases with a diagnosis of unilateral optic neuritis who attended the Neurophthalmology consultation at the Hermanos Ameijeiras Hospital in Havana, Cuba, from August 6 to November 16, 2018, from Havana and Matanzas, were studied. An unusual increase in the incidence of NO was recorded in the period analyzed. Results: An unusual increase in the incidence of unilateral optic neuritis was recorded. The average age was 33.5 years. All reported unilateral painless visual loss. Four patients reported general signs and symptoms suggestive of having suffered a respiratory disease of viral origin, between 7 and 15 days before optic neuritis. In the examination carried out, great impairment of visual acuity (≤0.05) and colors (0/21) was found. The centro-caecal scotoma was the most frequent campimetric defect. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) in the affected eye showed increased neuroretinal thickness, decreased nerve fiber layer, and ganglion cell damage. Treatment was with intravenous methylprednisolone and B vitamins. Conclusions: An unusual increase in patients with unilateral optic neuritis was observed. The OCT revealed damage to the structures at the level of the retina and the optic nerve. The therapeutic effectiveness was conditioned by the time of evolution of the neuritis. 07 Sep, 2021 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/JCRO-8-192.php An 83-year-old female presented with progressive bilateral lipid keratopathy (LK) during the last 12 years. There was no history of previous ocular disease or trauma. Slit lamp examination of the left eye revealed a diffuse LK obscuring the visual axis and a temporal epithelial papillomatous lesion with superficial neovascularization (Figure A), while Best Corrected Visual Acuity (BCVA) was 20/200 with eccentric fixation. An uneventful Penetrating Keratoplasty (PKP) combined with excision of the temporal lesion was performed. 28 Jul, 2021 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/JCRO-8-191.php Background: Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma (POAG) the most common form of glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease, which is the third most common cause of blindness worldwide. It is estimated that 60 million people in the world are affected by this disease and 8.4 million are bilaterally blind. Among the various factors that have been implicated in the pathophysiology of this disease is infection with Helicobacter pylori (HP), a Gram-negative bacterium that is commonly found in stomach and present in approximately one-half of the world’s population. Establishment of such a causal correlation will probably have important practical applications as the eradication of H. pylori might lead to developments in the treatment of glaucoma. Objectives: To investigate the association between Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma (POAG) and Helicobacter Pylori infection and to observe fluctuations in intra ocular pressure after Helicobacter Pylori infection eradication. Design: Duration based, prospective observational study. Participants: 50 patients with documented Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma (POAG) as case group and 50 non-glaucoma participants as control group. Methods: Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was performed to evaluate macroscopic abnormalities, and gastric mucosal biopsy specimens were obtained for the presence of H. pylori infection tested by Rapid Urease Test (RUT). All subjects underwent detailed ocular examinations including visual acuity, slit-lamp examination, fundoscopy, intra-ocular pressure recording, gonioscopy, GHT to assess visual fields and OCT of optic nerve head. Results: In 90% of POAG patients of case group and in 68% of non-glaucoma participants of control group Helicobacter pylori infection was detected by RUT (P-Value=0.007). Conclusion: H. pylori infection is more frequent in glaucoma patients, perhaps more so in those of Indian ethnicity. It may play a role as a secondary aggravating factor or even may be the primary cause. The establishment of such a causal relationship will probably have important practical applications as the eradication of H. pylori might lead to developments in the treatment of glaucoma. 19 Jul, 2021 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/JCRO-8-190.php Purpose: To describe management of a patient with ligneous conjunctivitis secondary to plasminogen deficiency and review the literature on treatment with plasminogen. Design: Interventional case report. Methods: A 6-year-old Caucasian girl developed ligneous conjunctivitis recalcitrant to debridement and treatment with topical cyclosporin A and steroids. The literature was reviewed regarding treatment of ligneous conjunctivitis with plasminogen. Results: The patient was treated with plasminogen containing drops derived from her father’s fresh frozen plasma. The ligneous conjunctivitis resolved, and the patient was managed on these drops for the following 8 years, initiating treatment for flares and tapering according to clinical response. Conclusions: Plasminogen drops concentrated from fresh frozen plasma are a safe and effective option for long-term treatment of ligneous conjunctivitis. 19 May, 2021 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/JCRO-8-189.php Phacoemulsification in rock-hard cataracts is always challenging for the phaco surgeon. Patient presenting with hard cataract is common in rural and suburban areas. In such situations phaco surgeons face higher incidence of significant complication like endothelial cell loss, posterior capsular rupture, zonular dialysis. By judicious use of the appropriate technology like perfect power modulations, enhanced fluidics, adequate OVDs usage better results can be achieved in these cases. In this short communication we have put together six salient steps that would help the surgeon in achieving successful phacoemulsification in hard cataracts. 30 Apr, 2021 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/JCRO-8-188.php Normal tension glaucoma is the most common type of glaucoma among people of east Asian countries. While a significant minority of cases of normal tension glaucoma respond to drugs or surgical procedures that lower intra-ocular pressure, most cases continue to progress, resulting in a continuing loss of visual field and blindness. We here review the current state of knowledge of this debilitating disease, and evaluate a promising pilot study showing a potential route to evaluate normal tension glaucoma and to effectively treat it with a vitamin and mineral supplement. 26 Apr, 2021 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/JCRO-8-187.php Purpose: To determine whether ocular dominance strength influences success of monovision Design: Single-center, prospective, double blind crossover. Subjects received contact lenses with reading addition added to the left eye in the first trial period and to the right eye in the second period so that the type of monovision was randomized and blinded for the test subject and the investigator. Methods: 17 presbyopic subjects, aged 50-65, received conventional and crossed monovision, each for 2 weeks. Satisfaction, stereopsis (TNO, Titmus) and Snellen visual acuity were measured. Ocular dominance was examined according to Haidinger and +1D test. Results: Pearson correlation coefficient between strength of ocular dominance and subject satisfaction was ρ=0.088 for the conventional and ρ=0.000 for the crossed group. 93% of subjects were most satisfied with the type of monovision that yielded the highest Titmus score. For the TNO test this was only 64%. A statistical significant interaction effect was shown for this relationship (ρ=0.019). Conclusion: A significant correlation between dominance strength, refraction error and satisfaction could not be found. However, we observed that the highest stereopsis score according to the Titmus test was more likely to yield a higher satisfaction when comparing conventional and crossed monovision. When a physician opts for monovision correction, the Titmus test can be performed with test spectacles or contact lenses to decide which eye should be corrected for distance vision. The choice should be in favor of the correction that yields the best Titmus score. 19 Mar, 2021 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/JCRO-8-186.php Age-related macular degeneration is the first cause of blindness in cold countries in the last 70 years ago or more. In spite expensive therapeutics strategies like intraocular injections, so far, the incidence and prevalence of ARMD cannot be improved significantly. In this case report, we demonstrate that melanin is a fundamental part of macular biology and once is attended the recovery both anatomical and functional is significant. 23 Feb, 2021 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/JCRO-8-185.php Purpose: To illustrate the advantages and limitations of Small Incision Lenticule Extraction (SMILE) over Laser Assisted Intrastromal Keratomileusis (LASIK) in the correction of myopia and myopic astigmatism. Materials and methods: The two procedures are analysed and compared for the technical aspects. While LASIK directly depends on the laser efficacy to get the refractive change, SMILE only depends on the computer ability to design the refractive lenticule. The loss in precision taking place in the peripheral cornea with LASIK is not possible with SMILE. Tissue consumption and postoperative dry eye are also lower with SMILE. Procedure abortion has less consequences with SMILE. From a clinical point of view, refractive and visual results with SMILE are similar as those of Wavefront Optimized and Wavefront Guided LASIK, but re-operations are easier after LASIK than after SMILE. Conclusion: When indicated, SMILE is better than LASIK from a technical and procedural standpoint and is equal to Wavefront Lasik as for the obtained results. LASIK is still more versatile and it is better for re-operations. 03 Feb, 2021 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/JCRO-8-184.php Aims: To evaluate association, stage and treatment efficacy of treating Meibomian Gland Dysfunction(MGD) in Computer Vision Syndrome(CVS) patients. Setting: Department of ophthalmology, Hassan Institute of Medical Sciences, Hassan, Karnataka, India. Design: Prospective observational study. Materials and methods: Prospective study on 232 CVS patients were evaluated for MGD and randomly divided into groupA and B. GroupA were treated with tear supplements. GroupB were treated with azithromycin ointment and tear supplements. Efficacy was analysed at end of 3months. Statistical analysis: Data was analysed using descriptive statistics. Results: Among 232 CVS patients, MGD was found in 90(38.8%) patients . Among them, 38had stage1, 36had stage2 , 14had stage3 and 2patients had stage4 MGD. By the end of three months, in groupA, 34of 48 patients with stage1 and 2MGD were cured. In groupB, 36 of 42patients with all stages of MGD were cured. 100% of the CVS patients with stage1 , 66.7% of stage2 and 50% of the stage3 MGD improved completely with tear supplements alone whereas 25% of stage3MGD patients improved to stage1 and 25% of stage3 MGD did not improve at the end of three months. But, 100% of the CVS patients with stage1, 77.8% of stage2, 100% of stage3 improved completely and 1patient with stage4 MGD improved to stage1 by the end when treated with tear supplements and azithromycin ointment. Conclusion: 39% of CVS patients have MGD. So while treating CVS patient, its important to evaluate and treat MGD too. Tear supplements alone can be considered as a treatment option for CVS patients with stage1 and 2MGD whereas stage3 and 4MGD needs azithromycin ointment in addition to tear supplements for a good patient outcome. 24 Dec, 2020 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/JCRO-7-183.php Optic disorder in which the visual field defects in both eyes are completely symmetric in extent and intensity are defined as Congruous homonymous hemianopia. Here is such a case that I followed early this year. A sixty- five years old male, diabetic since 1994, Hypertensive for 14 years and ischemic heart disease for 10 years under ayurvedic treatment reported with a history of fall from the bed while sleeping in the midnight 11th &12th February 2020 and found himself fully blurred bilateral vision with severe headache on the morning of 15th. After a local consultation and laser therapy attempt did not benefit, he landed in Bangalore. Suspecting diabetic Retinopathy, we took him to Narayana Netralaya a super-specialty eye hospital. Detailed examination by a retina specialist confirmed right homonymous hemianopia with no significant Retinal findings to explain the defective vision. An MRI Brain and Orbit plain and contrast was ordered, that revealed Subacute Ischemic Infarct in Bilateral PCA territory. Other investigations did indicate uncontrolled diabetes hypertension and evidence of Ischemic Heart Diseases S/P PTCA. The case was referred to a neuro-physician who put him on Inj. Perfalgan 1 G IV SOS, Inj. PAN-40 Mg IV once a day x3, Inj. Emeset 4 mg IV SOS, Tab Clopilet A 150 mg once a day in the afternoon and other supportive treatment. There was an improvement in the vision within 24 hours as he could count fingers at 1 foot. Hospital stay lasted for 3 days and the vision was improving day by day. The second follow-up was uneventful but before a bit delayed third follow-up the patient died of cardiac arrest within 2 months of the first episode. 09 Nov, 2020 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/JCRO-7-182.php We report a case of a patient that was implanted with an intracapsular ring during phacoemulsification cataract surgery. Namely, we report on refraction, posterior capsule transparency and IOL ACD and document photographically the appearance of the posterior capsule. It is suggested that the presence of the intracapsular ring has inhibited epithelial cell migration and prevented the formation of posterior capsule opacification (PCO) in the postoperative interval of 7 months. A comparison with the fellow eye of the same patient is made. 18 Sep, 2020 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/JCRO-7-181.php More than 2.3 million people are affected by Multiple Sclerosis (MS) worldwide. Since the 1990s, disease modifying drug (DMD) has been developing increasingly. With more and more clinical applications, more and more attention has been paid to the adverse effects of DMD in the treatment of MS. DMD selection for patients with MS during pregnancy is one of the most important topics for neuroimmunologists and obstetrics. This comment is mainly based on our published and forthcoming data. 15 Sep, 2020 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/JCRO-7-180.php Uveitis, an inflammatory condition of the eye affecting the uvea [blood vessel-rich middle layer of tissue] may lead to slight or complete vision loss. This disease can affect people of any age group mainly between 20 to 60 years of age. It is reported that 24.9 cases per 100,000 persons were affected in a study in the years 2006 and 2007 with a prevalence rate of 57.5 and 58 per 100,000 persons respectively [1,2]. 11 Aug, 2020 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/JCRO-7-179.php Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH) is a congenital defect of the diaphragm through which intestine and other viscera herniate in to the chest. In extreme form of diaphragmatic maldevelopment, there might be a complete agenesis of diaphragm. Neonates with CDH present postnatally with respiratory distress and a characteristic absence of breath sounds in the ipsilateral chest. Here we present a 26-year-old gravida 1, para 1 woman with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) on glatiramer acetate who was admitted for elective caesarean section at 38 weeks of gestation. Abdominal ultrasonography had been performed for mother monthly from month 3 and all were reported normal. A baby girl (3300g) was born. Shortly after birth neonate became cyanotic with heavy shallow respiration. Chest x-ray showed massive gas filled intestinal herniation in left thoracic cavity along with right sided mediastinal shift and right sided pneumothorax. Orogastric tube was placed, intubation was performed and she was placed immediately on a ventilator but in the way to operating room she was expired. 06 Aug, 2020 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/JCRO-7-178.php Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide and it is next to cataract as common cause of blindness [1-4]. The global prevalence of glaucoma for population aged 40–80 years is 3.5%. The magnitude of glaucoma is expected to keep increasing with the world population growth and increasing number of ageing people [5]. Ninety percent of affected people in the developing countries and 50% in developed world do not know that they have the disease [6]. In Sub-Saharan Africa glaucoma is more prevalent and has been considered as a major public health issue for the region [7,8]. Up to 50% of glaucoma patients are already blind at least in one eye at presentation in Africa including Ethiopia [7,9]. 31 Jul, 2020 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/JCRO-7-177.php Background: The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), had spread all of China and many other countries. The COVID-19 patients exhibit typical clinical symptoms, and most cases could be diagnosed by nucleic acid testing and imaging. Recent studies have reported that serum antibody testing can be used for diagnostic screening of SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, the rules and standards of antibody production in serum of discharged COVID-19 patients remain ambiguous. Methods: We examined both nucleic acid and antibody detection of 139 non-severe (mild and common) patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19. Results: Although the nucleic acid of the discharged patient has turned to negative, some patients have not detected antibodies, including IgG (n=11) and IgM (n=27) .19.4% (27/139) discharged patients’ IgM detection was negative. In the IgM positive discharged patients, 72.8% (83/114) have an onset time over 30 days. And, there was no statistically significant difference in IgM concentration of discharged patients from 4 to 9 weeks after the onset of disease. In addition, we also detected IgM and IgG in nucleic acid test positive patients (n=12) within two weeks after the onset of disease. The concentration of IgM was peaked about on the sixth day and then decreased, while the IgG concentration was continuously increasing. Conclusions: Our study demonstrated the rules and standards of antibody production in serum of discharged COVID-19 patients which will provide more ideas for COVID-19 research. 28 Jul, 2020 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/JCRO-7-176.php Introduction: Since the appearance of COVID-19 pandemic by the end of 2019 and beginning of 2020 conferences, and events are canceled targeting the social distance to limit the spread and decrease the danger of the newly emerging virus webinars instead spread all over the world as an educational tool with no risk of communications. Purpose: to evaluate the efficacy of webinars in increasing the clinical and surgical skills of Egyptian ophthalmologists during the time of obligatory social distancing of COVID-19. Results: most of ophthalmologists in this survey consider the webinars is a good educational tool and hoping to progress after COVID-19 Pandemic. Most of them followed their topics of interest rather than the speaker or the organizing company and interested till the end due to the more comfortable situations. Conclusion: Webinars are readily available technology inexpensive, beneficial experience added to the clinical and surgical skills of Egyptian ophthalmologists who are hoping to be continued even after the COVID-19 pandemic time. 22 Jul, 2020 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/JCRO-7-175.php Purpose: Assess morphophysiological and functional features of the structure of the zonula lens fibers on the basis of an in-depth analysis consistent with the laws of mechanics. Define the purpose and scope of each portion of the zonula lens fibers. To analyze the results of the research of studies on the structure of the zonula of Zinn in the different authors of the last two centuries. Identify misconceptions about the work of this executive mechanism of accommodation in different phases of accommodation, this includes the uneven accommodation in different meridians. Determine the incorrectness of those theories of accommodation, which are based on erroneous ideas about the functioning of different portions of the zonula fibers. Methods: Theoretical analysis based on the laws of mechanics and assessment of the results of interdisciplinary research by different authors in the field of structural and functional features of the Zinn's zonule of the lens in different phases of accommodation. Results: The lens’s ciliary belt has been found to have three major portions of fiber that perform different functions. Powerful anterior portion of fibers is attached to the anterior surface of the lens bag in a segmented mannered a powerful posterior portion of fibers is attached to the posterior surface of the lens evenly around the circumference and like a cobweb covering the surface of the vitreous chamber. Both these filaments in the eye don’t cross and in all phases of accommodation remain 16 Jul, 2020 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/JCRO-7-174.php Purpose: To compare visual performance and Contrast Sensitivity (CS) outcomes, patient satisfaction and spectacle independence in patients implanted with two Models of trifocal Intraocular Lenses (MIOLs). Methods: This non-randomized prospective clinical study included 40 eyes of 20 patients undergoing cataract surgery with bilateral implantation of two different MIOLs, the trifocal Fine Vision MIOL (20 eyes) (PhysIOL, Liège, Belgium) and the trifocal Acriva Trinova MIOL (20 eyes) (VSY, Biotechnology, The Nederlands). Visual results, CS and patient satisfaction were evaluated 3 months after surgery.  Results: There was no statistically significant difference between groups regarding distance and intermediate visual acuity. Finevision showed better near visual outcomes than Acriva Trinova (p < 0.033). Both MIOLs provided similar CS within normal age ranges. Satisfaction test performed on uncorrected patients showed a variable presence of tolerable dysphotopsic phenomena with both MIOLs. Conclusions: When postoperative emmetropia was achieved, both MIOLs provided good outcomes for distance and intermediate vision with no differences in contrast sensitivity. Fine Vision MIOL gave better near visual acuity results. There were tolerable dysphotopsic phenomena in both groups. 01 Jul, 2020 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/JCRO-7-173.php Introduction: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or novel coronavirus 2019 (Covid19) is an emerging life-threatening catastrophe worldwide with no country immune from this problem. Ophthalmologists are in the first line facing this pandemic due to their intimate contact during clinical examination and surgery. Objective: Ophthalmologists should have base line of knowledge about Covid 19 and sources of infection and methods of transmission. Ophthalmologists have two lines in their practical life outpatient clinic line and surgical line. In this article we tried to help ophthalmologists all over the world to know basics about Covid 19 pandemic and how to deal to decrease risk of infection either in examination in out patient clinic and in operative rooms. 29 Jun, 2020 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/JCRO-7-172.php HLA typing, the natural course and clinical findings of 79 and 200 definite MS cases in Iran was respectively reviewed [1,2]. Results drawn from our 79 Iranian MS patients revealed an association between MS and HLA types A 24, DR 2, and DR 15, each with a relative risk of 1.9 times of controls. 17 Jun, 2020 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/JCRO-7-171.php Context: Diverse findings reported during the past years has established the molecular mechanisms by which a disparity in the redox balance system in microenvironment and cells with high grade of Oxidative Stress (OS) can cause oxidation of macromolecules as nucleic acids, lipids, proteins and carbohydrates, thus bringing about their function alteration. These events also result in modulation of redox circuits herein signal transduction pathways and activation of transcription factors that can lead to chronic inflammation and contribute to several chronic diseases, including eye diseases and retinopathy. 12 Jun, 2020 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/JCRO-7-170.php Purpose: To evaluate the effect of the beta blocker Bisoprolol in the treatment of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). 25 May, 2020 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/JCRO-7-169.php Recently, sutureless scleral-fixated intraocular lens (SSF-IOL) techniques have become popular in clinical practice [1]. 18 May, 2020 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/JCRO-7-168.php We describe rare cases of Nance-Horan Syndrome (NHS)..... 09 May, 2020 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/JCRO-7-167.php Purpose: To compare surgical results after phacoemulsification using two different techniques for removal of Ophthalmic Viscoelastic Device (OVD). Methods: A randomized prospective study was conducted on 77 patients who underwent cataract surgery. In the first group, OVD was removed over the optic by small abrupt horizontal and vertical displacements of the IOL. In the second group OVD was removed by placing the I/A probe behind the IOL. Intraocular Pressure (IOP), Intraocular Lens Position (IOLP) and refraction were analyzed over the first six weeks. 09 Apr, 2020 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/JCRO-7-166.php Introduction: Silicon oil or polydimethylsiloxane fluid is used in complicated retinal detachment surgeries. Although it displays an array of side effects like progressive vascularisation, silicon granules in corneal stroma and corneal decompensation, the lesser known band shaped keratopathy is visually endangering and requires a new management protocol, as was seen in our case. Case: A 15-year-old girl with vision 6/60 in both eyes diagnosed with bilateral congenital cataract and retinal detachment underwent microincision vitrectomy, lensectomy along with perfluorocarbon and intravitreal silicon oil injection in the right eye under general anaesthesia. Calcific band shaped keratopathy was seen after 8 months which began as fine dust like deposits coalescing to form a horizontal band. A neutral, autoclaved solution of 0.5% EDTA chelating agent was spread over the cornea and deposits scraped under aseptic precautions after removing the superficial epithelium. A bandage contact lens was placed to enable healing. 31 Mar, 2020 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/JCRO-7-165.php Background: Sturge Weber and Klippel Trenaunay syndromes are mesodermal phacomatoses occurring sporadically. We report a rare case with overlapping features of both syndromes. Case report: An eight-year-old girl complains of low vision and pain in left eye for nine months. Examination revealed port wine stain on left side of face, fingertips and toes present since birth. Length of both legs was symmetrical with skin hypertrophy. Visual acuity was light perception and lid swelling with hyphema noticed in left eye. BScan showed retinal detachment with choroidal haemangioma. CT scan showed orbital inflammation. The haemangioma was treated with Intravitreal Bevacizumab followed by vitrectomy with subretinal fluid drainage and focal laser. Radiotherapy was given to the left orbit. Conclusion: Nevus flammeus, choroidal haemangioma, retinal detachment and neovascular glaucoma consistent with Sturge Weber syndrome. Soft tissue hypertrophy with dilated veins is compatible with Klippel Trenaunay syndrome. 31 Jan, 2020 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/JCRO-7-164.php Introduction: Glaucoma is an insidious blinding disease that may present in a variety of clinical scenarios. While Intraocular pressure is a major risk factor in its pathophysiology, patients have the disease without any documented elevation in pressure. To avoid missing a diagnosis of glaucoma, a thorough and careful evaluation of all the structural and functional components involved in glaucoma, should be performed. Although, most studies done so far have only focused on the Endothelial cell density among glaucoma patients, we highlighted its importance in the newly detected glaucoma patients. 31 Jan, 2020 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/JCRO-7-163.php Purpose: To discuss the possible ocular manifestations of Steven Johnson Syndrome and their management among different cases. Case: Patients aged 9, 15, 43years with Steven- Johnson Syndrome were reviewed for severity of ocular involvement. These patients presented with fever and involvement of skin, oral mucosa and conjunctiva. 30 Jan, 2020 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/JCRO-7-162.php Ophthalmic metastasis from an extraocular primary malignancy is a rare event. Tongue is the most common primary site after hypo-pharynx among the oral malignancies causing distant metastasis [1]. 29 Sep, 2019 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/JCRO-6-161.php Several studies have been conducted by antioxidant properties of the Beta-carotenes in relation to their ability like prevention to coronary diseases. Similarly, 3 out of 4 randomized studies have shown that higher intakes or higher blood concentrations of β-carotenes are associated with the reduced risk of the Predictive Heart Disease (PHD). As vitamin A functions as an epithelial membrane regulator and provides immunity. In spite beta-carotene is the precursor of the vitamin A in the body, which also shows proportional relation to the body vitamin A concentration. However, beta-carotene is mostly addressing through its antioxidant properties. Similarly, a direct relation to the PHD by the pupil response effected by the pro-vitamin A have not been studied. 12 Jul, 2019 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/JCRO-6-160.php Choroidal tuberculosis may present as multifocal progressive or serpiginous like choroiditis. It is important to recognize these presentations as these eyes show good response to systemic antitubercular therapy. Paradoxical reaction in tuberculosis can occur in patients receiving antituberculous therapy (ATT). 06 Jul, 2019 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/JCRO-6-159.php Idiopathic macular telangiectasia type 2 (MacTel) is known with temporal juxtafoveal retinal capillaries dilation and telangiectasia. The disease is most common in the fi fth and sixth decades [1].Patients often report a progressive bilateral visual loss. Macular transparency, retinal crystalline deposits, distribution of brown pigmented cells adjacent abnormal blood vessels, redistribution of macular pigment and retinal atrophy in the end stages are the fi ndings that can be seen [1]. Subretinal neovascularization may occur in some patients and worsens the symptoms. 20 Jun, 2019 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/JCRO-6-158.php Introduction: Occupational eye traumatism of members of vessel`s crews of the Northern Water`s Basin are relevant, but little studied medical problem. Material and methods: The analysis of a continuous sample of various eye traumatism in 79 patients, working on the vessels of the basin was carried out. Analytical and statistical methods were used for the analysis. Results: In water transport, eye traumatism was found in men from among of members of vessel`s crews significantly more often than in women (P <0.001). Every second injury occurs to sailors aged 20-29. In 30-39 and 40-49 years - their number is reduced by half. Individual cases of eye damage were observed in persons under 20 years and over 50 years. In every second case of an injury to the eye, of members of the technical operation service (“machine command”) received; operation - 47.3%; production - 2.7%. Among the injured there were no representatives of the radio-technical service, product processing, household, medical and sanitary. Outcomes of eye injuries of members of vessel`s crews of the Northern Water`s Basin during the study period should be considered good. Most sailors return to work in their specialty. Disability group III is set in 2.7% of cases. 06 Jun, 2019 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/JCRO-6-157.php Ocular tuberculosis is an exigent clinical entity—lacking a distinct clinical presentation and attributing the diagnostic conundrum. Nevertheless, the early-precise diagnosis with implicated anti-tubercular therapy may be sight-saving; diagnostic delays often encountered due to protean clinical presentations, the impracticability of obtaining tissue (in most case), limitation on sample volume extraction, and of wanting a sensitive diagnostic test. This article revises the current scenario of ocular tuberculosis, its clinicopathologic arrays, and diagnostic challenges for clinical management; Furthermore, advocates for compiling all such positive findings of corroborative tests in a precise diagnosis. 23 May, 2019 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/JCRO-6-156.php Background: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the leading cause of irreversible blindness in elderly population affecting the quality of life and there by general health. AIM: The purpose of the present study was to estimate the prevalence, risk factors and subtypes of AMD in a hospital population attending to ophthalmology outpatient department. Materials and Methods: This observational study was carried out at tertiary eye institute between November 2017 and April 2018. Newly registered patients of both the sex attending the hospital with complaints of diminution of vision for various reasons were selected for detailed ophthalmic examination and evaluation. 17 Jan, 2019 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/JCRO-6-155.php Introduction: Pseudophakic cystoid macular edema (CME) is one of the commonest causes of visual impairment after uneventful cataract surgery. There is no standardized protocol for pseudophakic CME and cases with refractory or persistent CME remained therapeutic challenge. 13 Dec, 2018 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/JCRO-5-154.php Back ground: Pregnancy Induced Hypertension is a challenging stigma in the field of obstetrics and one of major contributors to maternal and perinatal mortality. PIH is a hypertensive disorder in pregnancy that occurs after 20 weeks of pregnancy in the absence of other causes of elevated blood pressure. 23 Nov, 2018 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/JCRO-5-153.php The cases of hypermetropia in patients aged 5 to 40 years were studied at Aristide Le Dantec hospital in Dakar. There are 85 patients including 28 men and 57 women. The average age was 22 years old. Headache was the most common reason for consultation (79.69%). The average consultation time was 6 days after onset of functional symptoms. Complications were strabismus (21.88%) and amblyopia (3.12%). A negative impact on the socio-professional level was noted in 60.94%. The treatment consisted of an optical correction by glasses in 96.87%. 09 Nov, 2018 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/JCRO-5-152.php Introduction: Blindness and severe visual impairments have huge consequences on the socioeconomic development of individuals and human communities. 21 Aug, 2018 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/doi10.17352-2455-1414.000051-jcro.php Aim: This study is the first examination of the incidence of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) in Dubrovnik- Neretva County, Croatia. Method: Study is a retrospective and analyzed documentation from the Retinal clinic of the Ophthalmology and Optometry Department of the General Hospital Dubrovnik. 26 Jun, 2018 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/doi10.17352-2455-1414.000050-jcro.php Evisceration is a widely performed surgery in the pediatric population, the most common etiology for children is trauma and malignant retinal tumors. The procedure is safe and the complications are rare and often easily manageable. 18 Jun, 2018 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/doi10.17352-2455-1414.000049-jcro.php Purpose: To detect pathogenic mutations in cytochrome P450 family1 subfamily B polypeptide1 (CYP1B1) gene in nineteen sporadic Primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) cases and to identify patients lacking CYP1B1 mutations. 22 May, 2018 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/doi10.17352-2455-1414.000048-jcro.php Lamellar or zonular cataract is a hereditary cataract that is transmitted in an autosomal dominant mode. The crystalline opacities are located at the level of the primary fibers in the embryonic nucleus. This cataract is usually bilateral and asymmetrical. 08 May, 2018 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/doi10.17352-2455-1414.000047-jcro.php Colobomas are genetic malformations due to lack of closure of the embryonic fissure. These are rare malformations that can sit at any level of the eye. Colobomas can be uni or bilateral, sporadic or hereditary. It may be associated with other ocular manifestations and extra-ocular malformations involving a general, clinical and radiological examination. 19 Mar, 2018 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/doi10.17352-2455-1414.000046-jcro.php Introduction: Retinoblastoma is one of the leading cancers in children below 5 years, leaving an ocular defect after enucleation. The loss of an eye requires early replacement so that socket contraction is minimal, growth of surrounding tissues is less retarted and the patient may return to a normal social life. Primary placement (at the time of enucleation) of hydroxyapatite intraocular implants is done in order to prevent volume defi cit and increase motility of the prosthesis. 16 Mar, 2018 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/doi10.17352-2455-1414.000045-jcro.php Purpose: to identify new functional parameters that may help in the early primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) diagnosis. 31 Jan, 2018 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/doi10.17352-2455-1414.000044-jcro.php Introduction: Bilateral thalamic infarcts are a rare occurrence and accounts for about 22 to 35% of all the thalamic infarcts. 04 Jan, 2018 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/doi10.17352-2455-1414.000043-jcro.php We present a case with incomplete Vogt-Koyanagi Harada disease and coexistent unilateral optic disc pit. It is well-known that optic disc pits can present with intraretinal splitting and serous retinal detachment [1]. 07 Nov, 2017 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/doi10.17352-2455-1414.000042-jcro.php Acute retinal necrosis syndrome (ARN) is a well-defi ned entity with characteristic clinical picture of progressive intraretinal infl ammation and necrosis and is caused by one of the members of the Herpes group of viruses. The condition occurs typically in otherwise healthy patients. 22 Aug, 2017 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/JCRO-4-141.php Acute retinal necrosis (ARN) comprises of epicleritis or scleritis, periorbital pain, uveitis, vitreous opacity, and necrotizing retinitis. ARN is very diffi cult to make diagnosis if patient have several complicated ocular diseases and no views on the fundus examination. 06 Jul, 2017 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/Clinical-Research-Ophthalmology/JCRO-4-140.php Aim: To find the occurrence of ‘Dry Eye’ and to assess the severity of the dry eye after manual small incision cataract surgery with corneoscleral tunnel incision. Material and Method: A total of 81 patients were selected who came for manual small incision cataract surgery. Each patient was questioned pre-operatively about ‘dry eye’ symptoms and examined with Schirmer’s test 1 and tear film break up time. 04 Apr, 2017 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/Clinical-Research-Ophthalmology/JCRO-4-139.php Two conjunctival leaking blebs were excisioned to assess by histological methods the cellular effect after corneal cross-linking treatment. Sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and immunohistochemistry with the Ki67 antibody. 24 Mar, 2017 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/Clinical-Research-Ophthalmology/JCRO-4-138.php Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the number one form of blindness in older adults due to the degeneration of the macula of the eye. Lutein and zeaxanthin are carotenoids that accumulate in the macula and may help protect it from short-wavelength light damage. 06 Mar, 2017 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/Clinical-Research-Ophthalmology/JCRO-4-137.php Objective: The aim of the study was to correlate the findings of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness calculated with optical coherence tomography(OCT) with visual field changes in glaucomatous, ocular hypertensive and normal eyes. 11 Feb, 2017 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/Clinical-Research-Ophthalmology/JCRO-4-136.php Purpose: To compare the awareness of eye donation and willingness to donate eyes among medical and paramedical students. 05 Jan, 2017 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/Clinical-Research-Ophthalmology/JCRO-4-135.php Cutaneous horns are relatively rare benign tumors which occur most frequently on sun exposed skin and develop on various types of underlying skin lesions: benign, premalignant and malignant. The treatment of choice consists in the surgical excision of the lesion to healthy tissue. The histopathological examination is mandatory in order to establish the nature of the lesion, on which the cutaneous horn develops. 03 Dec, 2016 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/Clinical-Research-Ophthalmology/JCRO-3-134.php Ocular melanoma is a rare malignancy arising from melanocytes of the uvea, the conjunctiva, and the orbit. Uveal melanoma is the most common intraocular malignancy in adults, accounting for 85-95% of ocular melanomas [1-3]. 15 Nov, 2016 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/Clinical-Research-Ophthalmology/JCRO-3-133.php Purpose: Correction of myopia by implantation of intra ocular lens is a growing surgery. In this study I am trying to assess the visual outcome stability and safety of eyes undergoing Anterior chamber foldable phakic lens implantation (Artiflex) (Ophtec BV, Groningen, The Netherlands) or (veriflex) (AMO,Santa Ana,CA) for myopia unsuitable for LASIK and detection of early and late complications along three years follow up period. 25 Oct, 2016 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/Clinical-Research-Ophthalmology/JCRO-3-132.php Purpose: To characterize the clinical features of ocular toxoplasmosis (OT) in Central Cuba. Methods: A database at a large regional referral center was searched for patients who, from April 1, 2011 to May 31, 2013, had the potential diagnosis of OT. Inclusion criteria were the clinical diagnosis of OT, characterized by focal retinochoroidal inflammation. 30 Aug, 2016 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/Clinical-Research-Ophthalmology/JCRO-3-131.php Background: Diabetic retinopathy, the most common retinal vascular disease, is the leading cause of new-blindness in adults during the third through sixth decades of life. 14 Jul, 2016 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/Clinical-Research-Ophthalmology/JCRO-3-130.php Choroidal hemangioma is an uncommon benign vascular hamartoma. Depending on the extent of the involved choroid, it can be subtyped into circumscribed form that occurs sporadically as an isolated tumor or a diffuse form that occurs in association with Sturge-Weber syndrome. 07 Mar, 2016 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/Clinical-Research-Ophthalmology/JCRO-3-128.php Exudative age-related macular degeneration is the most common cause of vision loss of people over the age 60 in the developed countries. The cause is not clear yet, but since Avastin is largely used for the treatment, therefore, this study was conducted to assess the influence of avastin. 09 Jan, 2016 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/Clinical-Research-Ophthalmology/JCRO-3-127.php Purpose: To assess anterior segment parameters of keratoconus (KC) eyes at different stages of the disease using Scheimpflug-placido topography (Sirius, CSO, Italy) in a sample of the southern Egyptian population. 06 Jan, 2016 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/Clinical-Research-Ophthalmology/JCRO-3-126.php reatment of choroidal melanoma with radiation plaque brachytherapy (Iodine, (I125) avoids enucleation, salvages the globe, preserves the vision, achieves better local tumor control and prevents metastasis [1,2]. However, it can lead to complications such as keratitis, iris neovascularisation, cataract, radiation optic neuropathy, retinopathy, maculopathy and vitreous hemorrhage. Radiation retinopathy (RR) is one of the expected, common complications following external beam radiation, plaque brachytherapy of choridal melanoma, retinoblastoma, choroidal metastasis and orbital tumors.1,2 17 Dec, 2015 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/Clinical-Research-Ophthalmology/JCRO-2-125.php Aims: This prospective, observational, pilot study assessed adherence rates of annual dilated fundus examinations (DFEs) among patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and erectile dysfunction (ED) in a university-based practice and identified predictors associated with DFE adherence. 10 Dec, 2015 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/Clinical-Research-Ophthalmology/JCRO-2-124.php Diabetes mellitus (DM) or better known as simply diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases in which high blood sugar levels are maintained over a prolonged period. Long term complications include but not limited to heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, and ocular damage. There are two main types of diabetes: Type I (T1DM) and Type II (T2DM). In 2013, an estimated 382 million people were diagnosed with diabetes with type 2 accounting for 90% of the cases. Unfortunately, to date, despite significant amount of research there is no known cure except in very specific cases. 23 Nov, 2015 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/Clinical-Research-Ophthalmology/JCRO-2-123.php Objectives: A patient's adherence to follow-up (AFU) plays a key role in the implementation of clinical research with respect to cost and validity. Most present studies focus exclusively on some specific steps during clinical research implementation, regardless of the synthetic action of patient-society-medicine system. The objective of the study is to provide a comprehensive systematic review of the measurements, associated factors and intervention strategies of AFU across a broad spectrum. 10 Nov, 2015 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/Clinical-Research-Ophthalmology/JCRO-2-122.php The orbitofrontal fibrous dysplasia is a rare, non-malignant disease that involves the development and thickening of craniofacial bones, causing facial asymmetry, visual, neurological and dental complications. Decreased visual acuity in orbitofrontal and sphenoidal fibrous dysplasia appears as a result of compressive lesions on the optic nerve. The aim of this article is to present the ophthalmologic complications due to the association of two entities that both involved the optic nerve: orbitofrontal fibrous dysplasia associated with a large sphenoid sinus mucocele. 23 Sep, 2015 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/Clinical-Research-Ophthalmology/JCRO-2-121.php Sensory compensation or sensory substitution occurs when a sense organ, such as the eye, is lost due to trauma or disease. Individuals often experience phantom limb sensation or pain but research increasingly points towards some individuals developing a heightened level of functioning in their remaining senses, particularly in their remaining intact eye. Losing an eye at an early age can often result in “super functioning” in the remaining eye providing that no similar trauma or disease results. Cases include young children who have undergone enucleation because of diagnosed unilateral retinoblastoma and whose remaining eye is free from disease. 21 Sep, 2015 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/Clinical-Research-Ophthalmology/JCRO-2-120.php Introduction: This study was conducted for evaluating and comparing levels of patient discomfort during phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation under topical and peribulbar anesthesia and comparative assessment of intra-operative complications. 11 Apr, 2015 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/Clinical-Research-Ophthalmology/JCRO-2-119.php Goldenhar syndrome (Oculo-Auriculo-Vertebral Spectrum) (OAVS) is a rare congenital condition characterized by craniofacial abnormalities associated with anomalies of the spine, heart, kidney, central nervous and gastrointestinal system. Craniofacial abnormalities include the incomplete development of the eye, ear, nose, soft palate, lips and jaw. We report a case of Goldenhar syndrome in a 14-years-old male patient. There are no other identified cases of congenital diseases in the patient's family history. At the age of 2, the patient was operated for complete right cleft lip and cleft palate dehiscence and it was then, that the suspicion for Goldenhar syndrome was harboured. 23 Mar, 2015 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/Clinical-Research-Ophthalmology/JCRO-2-118.php Purpose: Estimate the incidence of pertinent ocular adverse events (POAEs) related to intravitreal (IVT)injections for age-related macular degeneration (AMD) treatments in Europe. Methods: Ophthalmologists prospectively followed patients, who received IVT injection treatment for AMD including Macugen®, Lucentis®, and Avastin® at ophthalmic clinical centers in Europe, and determined outcomes of interest as clinically appropriate up to two years. Main outcomesincluded endophthalmitis, retinal detachment, vitreous hemorrhage, retinal tear, traumatic cataract, and increased intraocular pressure (IOP). 23 Mar, 2015 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/Clinical-Research-Ophthalmology/JCRO-2-117.php Introduction: Benign intracranial hypertension (BIH) is a disorder defined by symptoms and signs suggestive of increased intracranial pressure (ICP) in the absence of any cause evident on neuro-imaging or other evaluations. Usually the disease has a variable outcome but chances of severe visual loss are only 6%. 18 Mar, 2015 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/Clinical-Research-Ophthalmology/JCRO-2-116.php Background: Warts are small, usually painless growths on the skin caused by a virus called human papillomavirus (HPV). Most, but not all, are generally harmless [1,2]. Warts can be disfiguring and embarrassing. Sometimes they itch or hurt (particularly on the feet). Some warts spread through sex. But in The eyelids are rare. Viral warts are a common skin condition, which can range in severity from a minor nuisance that resolve spontaneously to a troublesome, chronic condition [3-5]. Many different treatments are available but because warts were very large, we use a surgical procedure (excision). 01 Mar, 2015 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/Clinical-Research-Ophthalmology/JCRO-2-115.php The neuropeptide research in the eye is the main topic of our scientific group in Innsbruck. Most of the neuropeptides have been discovered more than 30 years ago and the presence and distribution of some of them has been explored in the eye in the 80´s mainly by Richard Stone. This concerns particularly substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY). Whereas SP and CGRP have been found to be constituents of the sensory innervation of the eye, VIP is present in the parasympathetic and NPY in the sympathetic innervation of the eye. These results have been reviewed in 1987 in “Experientia”. In the retina, the typical neuropeptide localization are amacrine cells in the proximal inner nuclear layer and displaced amacrine cells in the ganglion cell layer but some of them are also present in ganglion cells. 23 Feb, 2015 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/Clinical-Research-Ophthalmology/JCRO-2-114.php A 61 years old albino donor cornea shows an association of a triple corneal pathologies, keratoconus, oculocutaneous albinism and neovascularisation. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) showed severe signs of keratoconus, corneal vascularisation and the presence of central leukoma.Keratoconus and corneal vascularisation in albino patients is a unique association, however, the genetic basis of this combination is still unclear. 23 Feb, 2015 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/Clinical-Research-Ophthalmology/JCRO-2-113.php Purpose: The purpose of this report is to present a case of bilateral HIV optic neuropathy. Methods: We describe a case of completely loss of visual acuity in the left eye (LE) and partially in the right eye (RE) in a 25-year-old Woman with HIV infection without treatment. Results: The patient presented with visual acuity of 20/200 in the RE and amaurosis in the LE. The optic nerves showed bilateral optic disc pallor and atrophic, with more pallor LE than RE. Magnetic resonance imaging scan (MRI) showed diffuse enhancement of the bilateral optic nerves post-contrast. There was no other ocular symptom, and no evidence of retinopathy. Serological tests were only positive for HIV. 20 Feb, 2015 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/Clinical-Research-Ophthalmology/JCRO-2-112.php Introduction: Duane retraction syndrome (DRS) a type of relatively rare type of restrictive strabismus. Methods and results: Six cases of DRS comprising of all sub types and their outcome was discussed simultaneously explaining how to plan surgical treatment for each component of DRS in each case. Horizontal, vertical deviations, abnormal head position, globe retraction and upshoots /downshoots were correctable in all cases of DRS. Conclusion: Satisfactory surgical results can be achieved by operating cases of DRS with individualized surgical planning. 15 Feb, 2015 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/Clinical-Research-Ophthalmology/JCRO-2-111.php Diabetic macular edema (DME) is a major sight-threatening cause in diabetic patients. The pathophysiology of macular edema involves both the presence of inflammation and angiogenic stimulant regarding vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) [1]. Intravitreal injections of anti-VEGF, including ranibizumab [2-8], bevacizuamb [9], pegaptanib [10], aflibercept [11] are proven to be effective for managing DME. Intravitreal injections of corticosteroids, potent anti-inflammatory agents, such as fluocinolone acetonide implants (Retisert) [12], fluocinolone acetonide inserts (Iluvein) [13,14], dexamethasone implants [15,16], and triamcinolone acetonide [2] have been shown to be beneficial to DME. The Food and Drug Administration of US and European Medicines Agency have approved intravitreal injections of fluocinolone acetonide inserts (Iluvein), dexamethasone implants, aflibercept, and ranibizumab for treating DME. Herein the long-term outcome of the randomized controlled studies in these approved pharmacotherapies will be reviewed. 04 Feb, 2015 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/Clinical-Research-Ophthalmology/JCRO-2-110.php The term "posterior polar hemispheric choroidal dystrophy" was first used by Yannuzzi to describe the annular, hemispheric loss of retinal pigment epithelium and choriocapillaris[1].Since then, there have been no further reports on this rare condition. 10 Jan, 2015 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/Clinical-Research-Ophthalmology/JCRO-2-109.php Purpose: To present a case of familial Mediterranean fever with eye involvement as the initial sign of multiple sclerosis. Method: A 13-year-old boy with familial mediterranean fever (FMF) presented with sudden loss of vision in his right eye. Findings: Visual acuity was 50 cmfc (centimeter finger counting) in the right eye associated with papilledema and intraretinal Hemorrhages: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans revealed a hyper-intense lesion in left occipital lobe. Two days later, left eye was also affected, while the right eye began to deteriorate. In control MRI, lesions were observed to have deterioriated with the involvement of right occipital lobe and pons in addition to the left occipital lobe. Patient was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS) due to FMF and was hospitalized. After a 2-weeks-treatment of steroid and immunoglobulin (Ig), visual acuity improved; fundus findings regressed. 12 Dec, 2014 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/Clinical-Research-Ophthalmology/JCRO-2-108.php Bleb failure after initially successful glaucoma surgery still constitutes a major challenge in management of glaucoma patients. Needling is considered a simple surgical technique that can solve a major problem like failure of glaucoma surgery. The introduction of antimetabolite in ophthalmology greatly enhances the results of needling as well as the initial trabeculectomy. 25 Nov, 2014 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/Clinical-Research-Ophthalmology/JCRO-2-107.php Purpose: To compare central corneal thickness (CCT) among glaucoma patients, glaucoma suspects, and normal subjects and to determine its association with glaucoma severity in Nepalese population. Methods: This study included 400 eyes (149 glaucoma, 157 glaucoma suspects, 94 controls) of 400 participants examined in a glaucoma clinic and eye OPD in Nepal. CCT was measured by ultrasonic pachymetry. 15 Sep, 2014 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/Clinical-Research-Ophthalmology/JCRO-2-106.php Chloramphenicol is a widely used topical ointment applied routinely for ocular and periorbital infections due to its wide spectrum of anti-bacterial activity. Local delayed hypersensitivity reaction to chloramphenicol is a well reported but uncommon adverse effect, and has been reported to mismanaged initially as an infective cellulitis. The confirmatory tests for drug allergy are often not possible in developing countries and hence, the diagnosis is usually made with high index of clinical suspicion. Hereby, we are reporting a case of local hypersensitivity reaction to chloramphenicol after ocular use for adenexal infection, which was diagnosed with high index of suspicion without any diagnostic test, and was managed timely and successfully. 26 Jul, 2014 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/Clinical-Research-Ophthalmology/JCRO-1-105.php Purpose: The purpose of this report is to present a case of optic neuropathy as a manifestation of secondary syphilis in an HIV-negative patient. Methods: We describe a case of gradual loss of visual acuity in the left eye (LE) in a 53-year-old healthy woman. Results: The patient presented with visual acuity of 20/20 in the right eye and hand movements in the LE. Fundoscopy revealed swollen optic disc in the LE. Fluorescein angiography showed leakage of dye from the optic disc. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) confirmed the oedema in the left optic disc. Serologic testing was positive for venereal disease research laboratory (VDRL) and fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS), and negative for HIV antibodies. 16 Jul, 2014 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/Clinical-Research-Ophthalmology/JCRO-1-104.php Introduction: Acute retinal necrosis (ARN) is a rare, rapidly progressive viral retinitis. The current standard of care for ARN consists of intravenous acyclovir for 5-10 days, followed by oral acyclovir for an additional 6-12 weeks. Valacyclovir has superior plasma bioavailability to acyclovir as an oral preparation. The aim of this study is to add to the evidence of treating ARN with valacyclovir with 2 additional cases. 07 Jul, 2014 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/Clinical-Research-Ophthalmology/JCRO-1-103.php We have described a hydro-visco-implantation technique (simultaneous use of sodium hyaluronate and balanced salt solution) for wound-assisted intraocular lens (IOL) implantation and passive removal of ophthalmic viscosurgical device (OVD). In the technique, the capsular bag was filled approximately up to half with OVD, and anterior chamber was formed by bimanual irrigation cannula with continuous irrigation mode from the side port. Sometimes after adequate tonus is provided, continuous mode could be off to reduce wash effect on OVD during injection of IOL. Injection of foldable IOL with the support of wound edges was completed. While the continuous irrigation mode was on, firm downward pressure was applied with the tip of aspiration canula to the posterior lip of main incision, and dynamic outflow was created, and viscoelastic material was removed from the eye. 30 Jun, 2014 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/Clinical-Research-Ophthalmology/JCRO-1-102.php Purpose: Dry eye is a common condition with significant morbidity and socioeconomic burden. The associated demographic factors that worsen utility in dry eye patients were not known. There were many questionnaire instruments advocated for dry eye documentation but none of these have been shown to correlate to quality of life (QoL). We aimed at examining the health related utility values in a group of dry eye patients and their associations. 11 May, 2014 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/Clinical-Research-Ophthalmology/JCRO-1-101.php Purpose: To describe the "crocodile technique", a new ophthalmic surgery technique for removing subretinal proliferative tissue (SPT) associated with retinal detachment. Materials and Methods: Subjects were 21 patients who had retinal detachment with SPT. Their follow-up terms were all greater than 3 months. We undertook the crocodile technique during their subretinal surgery. The crocodile technique is a new ophthalmic technique for removing SPT using vitreous forceps, without using subretinal forceps, in small-gauge vitrectomy. After performing sufficient peripheral vitrectomy, a small intentional retinal tear was created above the SPT. The SPT was then stabilized while grasped by vitreous forceps in the subretinal space. The vitreous forceps were then rotated on their long axis, such that the SPT was rolled around the vitreous forceps in the subretinal space.