https://www.veteringroup.us/journals/international-journal-of-veterinary-science-and-research A Peertechz Open Access Journal en-us 20 Mar, 2026 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-12-256.php Helminth infections remain a major public health and veterinary concern worldwide, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where environmental and socioeconomic conditions facilitate parasite transmission. The increasing emergence of resistance to conventional anthelmintic drugs has intensified interest in plant-based alternatives. This systematic review evaluates available evidence on the anthelmintic efficacy of Carica papaya seeds and Moringa oleifera leaves. Electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar, were searched for relevant studies. Eligible studies included in vitro, in vivo, or clinical investigations reporting quantitative parasitological outcomes. A total of 312 records were identified, of which 47 studies met the inclusion criteria. Evidence from experimental and clinical studies indicates that C. papaya seeds demonstrate consistent anthelmintic activity, frequently producing reductions in faecal egg counts and worm burden between 60% - 85%, largely attributed to the bioactive compound benzyl isothiocyanate. M. oleifera leaf extracts also exhibit measurable anthelmintic activity, primarily through inhibition of egg hatching and larval development, although efficacy is generally lower than that observed for papaya seeds. Overall, the findings suggest that C. papaya seeds possess stronger anthelmintic potential, whereas M. oleifera leaves may serve as supportive or complementary agents in integrated parasite management. Further research using standardized extraction methods and controlled clinical trials is needed to facilitate the development of plant-based anthelmintic therapies. 09 Oct, 2025 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-11-255.php Background: Gastrointestinal helminths are among the most common causes of diseases in dogs, livestock, and zoonotic infections. Despite the widespread distribution of parasitic diseases in dogs, they have received very little attention in Ethiopia. Moreover, the improper use of drugs has resulted in ineffective control of helminths and anthelmintic resistance. Thus, an experimental study was conducted to determine the comparative anthelmintic efficacy of Ivermectin and Levamisole in dogs naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes. Methods: The experiment was conducted on 180 dogs identified with at least 100 eggs per gram of feces and randomly assigned into three treatment groups. Treatment Group I was treated with Ivermectin, Treatment Group II was treated with Levamisole, and Treatment Group III was the control. Fecal samples were collected on day 0 and day 14. Fecal egg count reduction analysis was conducted to determine the efficacy of anthelmintic drugs. Results: Among 180 dogs, the mean fecal egg count was 1249.02 (95% CI: 1139.57–1358.47) at day 0. This study indicated a significant difference (p &lt; 0.05) in the mean fecal egg count among the treatment groups at day 14. The mean fecal egg count was reduced to 37.9 (95% CI: 20.93–54.87) and 88 (95% CI: 57.54–118.46) in dogs treated with Ivermectin and Levamisole, respectively. The fecal egg count reduction analysis indicated significant reductions in fecal egg count in dogs treated with anthelmintics at day 14. The fecal egg count reduction was 97.15% (95% CI: 91.12–99) and 93.23% (95% CI: 84.29–98) in dogs treated with Ivermectin and Levamisole, respectively. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the satisfactory efficacy of Ivermectin, whereas Levamisole was suspected of resistance in the treatment of gastrointestinal nematodes in dogs at the recommended dosage. Thus, the present study suggests Ivermectin treatment, a combination of Levamisole, and further studies on anthelmintics for dogs against gastrointestinal helminths. 30 Sep, 2025 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-11-254.php The study was conducted in the north Shewa and south Wollo zones of the Amhara region to identify farmers’ sheep production systems and breeding practices. The study included 80 farmers in total. A chi-square test was implemented for qualitative data, considering the district as the main factor. Quantitative data were also analyzed using a general linear model (GLM), considering the district as the main factor. Both qualitative and quantitative data are analyzed using SPSS version 22. The main separation was implemented using Duncan’s post-hoc multiple comparison method at a 5% error term. For the ranked data, indices were calculated using: index = [3 for rank 1 + 2 for rank 2 + 1 for rank 3] given for particular variables, divided by [3 for rank 1 + 2 for rank 2 + 1 for rank 3] using Microsoft Excel 2016. Income (0.4) and meat sources (0.24) are the main aims of sheep production in all districts. The overall ram selection criteria are shape, growth, color, and size, with respective orders of 0.34, 0.27, 0.23, and 0.14. Communal grazing, stall feeding, and private grazing are methods of sheep feeding. Moreover, supplementary feeding during the dearth period is practiced. Most farmers use rams without selection, mainly from their flock, neighbors’ rams, and rams from grazing areas along the study areas, and in this case, inbreeding. Therefore, sound alternative breeding and continuous awareness creation are needed to reverse the problem. 13 Aug, 2025 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-11-253.php This study evaluated the comparative effects of different zinc sources and combinations, including Zinc Sulfate (ZnSO4), Zinc-DETA complex, Zinc-Fulvic Acid complex, and their synergistic combination with and without soya lecithin, on the growth performance, immune response, antioxidant status, and zinc retention in broilers. A total of 300 Cobb 430 broiler chicks were divided into five treatment groups: T1 (ZnSO4), T2 (Zn-DETA), T3 (Zn-Fulvic Acid), T4 (Zn-DETA + Zn-Fulvic Acid), and T5 (Zn-DETA + Zn-Fulvic Acid + Soya Lecithin). Over a 42-day trial, Parameters assessed included body weight gain, Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR), Newcastle disease vaccine titer, Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT) activity, zinc retention, and mortality were assessed. The combined treatment (T5) showed superior outcomes across all parameters, suggesting that the inclusion of soya lecithin with zinc chelates and fulvic acid significantly enhanced bioavailability and efficacy. 28 May, 2025 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-11-252.php This research was conducted to evaluate the effects of adding UMMB and MMS on feed consumption, weight gain, feed conversion and digestibility of crude fiber in Bali cattle (Bos javanicus). This study used 12 male Bali cattle (Bos javanicus) aged between 2 to 3 years, weighing between 150250 kg. The cattle were intensively reared using a completely randomized design, divided into 3 treatments with 4 replications each. The feed provided to the research animals consisted of forage, UMMB, and MMS. Parameters measured included feed consumption, weight gain, feed conversion and digestibility of crude fiber. The data obtained were then analyzed using ANOVA with the assistance of SPSS software Ver. 23. The results of the research showed Bali cattle (Bos javanicus) supplemented with MMS (P2) tended to have a higher consumption rate of 17.98 ± 5.48 kg/head/day compared to the control and those supplemented with UMMB (P1). Bali cattle (Bos javanicus) supplemented with MMS (P2) tended to have a higher daily weight gain of 0.39 ± 0.06 kg/head/day compared to the UMMB treatment (P1). The treatment with MMS supplementation (P2) demonstrated the highest feed efficiency compared to the other treatments, because only 47.93 kg of feed was required to produce 1 kg of meat. Nevertheless, Supplementation of UMMB and MMS showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) in terms of weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio in Bali cattle (Bos javanicus). However, there is a significant difference (p &lt; 0.05) in the parameter of crude fiber digestibility. 18 Feb, 2025 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-11-251.php This study was conducted to evaluate the quality characteristics of eggs using 160 eggs from local and improved guinea fowls raised under semi-intensive management systems in Wammako Local Government Area of Sokoto State, Nigeria. The two selected guinea fowl flocks were regarded as the treatments, represented as T1 and T2 respectively. Each treatment was replicated 10 times. The local and improved Guinea fowl were sourced from local Guinea fowl producers in Villages of Wammako Local Government Area of Sokoto, Sokoto State, Nigeria. External and internal egg quality parameters from the two flocks were evaluated. Data generated from the study was subjected to analysis. The results showed that there were significant differences (p < 0> 0.05). The study concluded that improved guinea fowl possessed good egg quality characteristics compared to local guinea fowl. It is therefore recommended that consumers and food processing industries should utilize eggs from improved guinea fowl which is considered superior in terms of quality compared to local guinea fowl. 06 Aug, 2024 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-10-250.php Introduction: Undesirable bacterial colonization of farm surfaces affects animal health after weaning. The objective of the study was to test the preventive effects of a positive biofilm formation on the surfaces of piglet facilities on beneficial flora colonization and animal health. Methods: 494 piglets from two weaning batches (Exp.1 and Exp.2) were allocated in 2 identical rooms. The rooms were sprayed either with water (Control) or a mix of selected bacteria strains (LFP) 48 h before the entrance, and again on day 15 in Exp.1, and on days 5, 12, 19, 26, and 33 in Exp.2. The microbiological status of the surfaces was assessed on days 0, 5, and 14 and on days -2, 0, 5, 7, and 35 in Exp.1 and 2, using peptone water swabs. Fecal consistency was scored on days 5, 8, 14, 21, and 28 on 16 randomly selected piglets per treatment. Statistical analysis was performed in SAS 9.4. Non-parametric tests were used to analyze the microbiological data, fecal scores, and death distributions. Results: There was a significant (P&lt;0.05) higher load of aerobic bacteria (Lactobacillus spp., Bacillus spp.) in LFP pen surfaces in both experiments. Fecal scores were significantly improved on day 8 in Exp.1 (P&lt;0.01) and on days 9 (P=0.01) and 28 (P&lt;0.01) in Exp.2. Digestive disease outbreaks occurred 2 days later in Exp.1 and 7 days later in Exp.2 in LFP rooms. Conclusion: spraying a beneficial flora on surfaces may result in a protective positive biofilm that would help piglets to better deal with the weaning challenges. 03 Aug, 2024 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-10-249.php The live attenuated Rift Valley Fever Virus (RVFV) vaccine candidates, RVFV MP-12, and the recombinant derivative, RVFV arMP-12ΔNSm21/384 (MP-12NSm-del), are among the most promising next-generation domestic ruminant vaccine candidates. While both vaccines consistently elicit protective neutralizing Antibodies (nAb) in domestic ruminants, the minimal protective antibody titer is unknown. Therefore, we conducted studies to determine the minimal protective nAb titers elicited in sheep by these vaccines using a mouse model. The approach involved the transfer of sera obtained from sheep vaccinated with the MP-12 and MP-12NSm-del vaccines to 6- to 8-week-old BALB/c mice. The sheep nAb titers ranged from 20 to 640 at the time of transfer. A blood sample was obtained from each mouse 24 hours post-transfer to determine the nAb titer 2 hours before challenging each animal with a lethal dose of virulent RVFV (strain ZH501). All challenged mice were observed daily for 21 days for morbidity and mortality. The lowest nAb titer that protected the animals was interpreted as an estimate of the minimal protective efficacy of the vaccine. The results indicated that nAb titers as low as 10 to 20 elicited by the MP-12 and MP-12NSm-del vaccine candidates in sheep 10 days post-vaccination afforded protection to the mice. However, the nAbs elicited in one sheep by MP-12 before day 10 post-vaccination and ranging in titer from &lt; 5 to 40 only afforded protection to 3 out of 18 mice, and therefore suggested that innate and/or the cellular immune response were also needed for protection during early RVFV infection. The findings further support these RVFV candidate vaccines as potential veterinary vaccines for domestic ruminants and offer a promising BALB/c mouse RVFV challenge model as a surrogate for evaluating the protective nAb response elicited by RVFV vaccines. 26 Jul, 2024 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-10-248.php The study was carried out to describe the husbandry and breeding practices, and identification of farmers’ preferences for breeding objective traits of local chicken ecotypes, in the Doba and Mesala districts of the West Hararghe Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. Samples were selected purposively based on the extent of chicken production potential and the agroecology of the districts. From each district, three kebeles were selected and 200 respondents (102 from the Doba and 98 from Mesala) were randomly selected from households included in the study for the questionnaire survey. With key informants, three focus group discussions per district were also conducted, and identified parameters were analyzed and summarized by the index method. The ranking index results revealed that in both districts, the primary objective of breeding hens was egg production, followed by income from the sale of adult chickens, while the main objective of keeping a cock was to generate cash income in the Doba districts and meat production in the Mesala districts. Regarding trait preferences, farmers in Doba districts prefer brown and white-coloured hens and cocks respectively, whereas red-plumed hens and cocks were most preferred in the Mesala district. The overall number of eggs laid per clutch per hen was 14.29 ± 0.12 and the number of clutches per hen per year was 3.43 ± 0.05. As a result, the local hen’s performance in terms of yearly egg production was 49.04± 0.81 per year. More desirable traits and community-based genetic improvement programs should be developed and implemented with the inclusion of breeding objectives, trait preferences, and a production system that is focused on the market. These steps would complement the current study by conserving as well as using diverse indigenous chicken genetic resources sustainably. 15 Jul, 2024 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-10-247.php Crested Geckos (Correlophus ciliatus) are common in the United States pet trade despite limited information on their specific physiology and nutrition. Suboptimal husbandry may be detrimental to animal growth, quality of life, and lifespan. Commercial diets are available; however, many hobbyists prefer feeding calcium-dusted fruit and insect alternatives. There is a general lack of published literature evaluating the effect of either option on gecko development. A food trial was conducted for 5 weeks on juvenile Crested Geckos fed a diet of calcium-dusted Dubia Roaches and fresh papaya (n = 30) or a commercial diet (Pangea Crested Gecko Diet; n = 30). Body length and weight were measured weekly on their fourth feeding day. Animals on both diets grew in length and weight over the 5-week feeding trial (p &lt; 0.05) however the roach/papaya-fed geckos experienced almost twice the weight gain 0.81 g (24.35%) than the commercially fed geckos (0.42 g) and (13.07 %; p = 0.002). No differences in behavior of activity were noted between either diet. These results suggest that a calcium-dusted Dubia Roach and papaya diet may be more advantageous than a commercial diet during Crested Gecko juvenile development. 30 May, 2024 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-10-246.php High-Resolution Melting (HRM) is a sensitive polymerase chain reaction-based molecular assay used to detect, single nuclear polymorphisms, mutations, and variations in genotypes of pathogens. HRM analysis is more convenient than other detection and discrimination approaches since it is a closed-tube method, that is the polymerase chain reaction amplification and subsequent analysis are carried out sequentially in the well. It finds application in various veterinary diagnoses and discrimination of genotypes of the microorganisms. Numerous public health organizations have recommended increased monitoring activities to support current surveillance programs in response to the threat of bioterrorism and emerging infectious diseases. HRM assay will be an efficient, cost-effective disease diagnostic and genotype of circulating pathogen identification method thereby aiding in disease surveillance which is important for monitoring the spread of infectious diseases. This review emphasizes the application of HRM in livestock, poultry, and companion animals in recent times carried out all over the world for determining the genotype, strain, and breed differentiation including pathogens classification. 24 Apr, 2024 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-10-245.php Horses are highly susceptible to musculoskeletal wounds due to the demands of their work, whether in transportation or as athletes. These wounds significantly impact the overall performance of horses, emphasizing the importance of effective wound management for optimal functionality. Among equine wounds, distal limb injuries are prevalent, accounting for over 60% of all cases. However, managing wounds in these extremities poses considerable challenges, as poor healing often leads to the formation of exuberant granulation tissue. In equine practice, biofilms are frequently observed in wounds with delayed healing, and there is an alarming rise in the incidence of multi-drug-resistant microbial strains. Consequently, there is an urgent need to implement advanced strategies in wound care management to address these clinical scenarios effectively. Maintaining the soundness of the musculoskeletal system is crucial for horses, particularly those destined for athletic careers. Thus, ongoing trials in equine clinical practice aim to explore innovative approaches for achieving effective wound healing. This article highlights the importance of innovative strategies in equine wound management and emphasizes the need to address challenges such as exuberant granulation tissue formation, biofilm presence, and multi-drug-resistant microbes. By implementing these innovative approaches, equine clinicians can enhance wound healing outcomes and ensure the optimal health and performance of horses. 19 Apr, 2024 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-10-244.php In Algeria, camels are one of the greatest resources and reservoirs of the Saharan territory. Despite a past that testifies to their predominant role in a hostile environment, this species has been comparatively obscured by the prominence of other livestock. Their legendary sobriety makes them the emblematic animal of merchant caravans, renowned for their versatility. Currently, peri-urban farms have developed on the outskirts of Saharan cities, and their commercial purpose cannot overshadow other values associated with dromedaries. Indeed, the growth in camel populations has been accompanied by an evolution in livestock systems. The significant increase in demand for camel products, revealed by the socio-economic changes within nomadic communities, has contributed to modifying breeding practices and logics, which in turn have affected the various camel functions. In other words, this represents a dimension of renewal through the developed products and services provided, which prove to be valuable assets. It is in this perspective that this contribution is situated, offering a synthesis that attempts to highlight the scope of camel farming in the Algerian Sahara. The objective of this study is to show the importance of the dromedary concerning its polyfunctionality through the products it supplies and the services it provides. 30 Mar, 2024 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-10-243.php Udder and teat health disorders (UTHDs) cause profound economic loss and have a major influence on dairy cows’ welfare and productivity. This study was carried out to identify the prevalence and risk factors of UTHDs and to investigate a potential association with clinical mastitis (CM). The prevalence of UTHDs in this study was 28.4%. The UTHDs identified were CM (15.1%), teat ulcer/cracks (7.6%), udder wound (7.3%), teat end lesions (3.1%), teat papilloma (2.6%), pendulous udder (2.3%), hyperthelia (1.6%), athelia (1.0%), udder abscess (1.0%), teat stenosis (0.8%), teat gangrene (0.8%) and udder impetigo (0.8%). A significantly higher prevalence of UTHDs was identified in Holstein-Friesian (HF) cross breeds (P < 0 xss=removed xss=removed> 7 years; in cows with good BCS (P = 0.007; OR = 0.263) than those with poor BCS and in milking (P < 0 xss=removed xss=removed xss=removed> 0.05) between the locations and management systems of herds. In addition, the occurrence of CM was associated with teat ulcer/cracks (P &lt; 0.001; OR = 0.036), udder wound (P &lt; 0.001; OR = 0.068); teat end lesions (P = 0.008; OR = 0.142); pendulous udder (P = 0.031; OR = 0.153) and udder impetigo (P = 0.040; OR = 0.058). A statistically insignificant difference was found in the prevalence of UTHDs between free-grazing and zero-grazing smallholder dairy herds. The study identifies teat ulcers/cracks, udder wounds, and teat end lesions as risk factors for CM. 31 Oct, 2023 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-9-242.php Oral Calcium Gel (OCG) is a promising prophylactic and supportive supplement for milk fever and Downer syndrome in postcalved dairy cows. This study evaluated the efficacy of OCG supplementing in improving rumen motility, feed intake, parturition/calving, Retention of Placenta (ROP), and product performance and safety. A total of 30 postcalved dairy cows were randomly divided into three groups: G1, cows selected immediately after calving (n = 7); G2, cows with milk fever (n = 14); and G3, cows with milk fever and Downer syndrome (n = 9). The cows in G1 and G2 were supplemented with OCG 300 g; 8 – 12 h apart; repeat 2 – 4 supplementation for 1 – 2 days only. Conversely, the cows in G3 were supplemented with 300 g of OCG + IV calcium injection; + 8 – 12 h apart; repeat 1 – 3 supplementation of OCG (300 g). OCG supplementation improved rumen motility, feed intake, parturition/calving, and ROP in all three groups. The mean product performance and safety scores were also good. Notably, OCG supplementation was effective in preventing ROP, which is a common postpartum complication in dairy cows. Overall, the findings of this study suggest that OCG supplementation is a promising prophylactic and supportive agent for milk fever and Downer syndrome in postcalved dairy cows. 10 Oct, 2023 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-9-241.php Background: Bacterial diseases transmitted through food pose a serious threat to human and animal health. Salmonella, E. coli, and S. aureus are among the major foodborne pathogens. It is becoming a worldwide problem to date. In this regard, there is a lack of information among farms in western Ethiopia. Therefore, the study was conducted to isolate, identify, and assess the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Salmonella, E. coli, and S. aureus from selected dairy farms in the study area. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was done from December 2018 to June 2019 on small-scale dairy farms from Bedele and Nekemte town, Western Ethiopia with the objective of isolating and identifying Salmonella, E. coli, and S. aureus from lactating cows, milkers’ and milking equipment at farms and to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates. A total of 383 samples consisting of cow milk, feces, cow nasal swabs, milkers’ hand swabs, milkers nasal swabs, bucket swabs, and floor swabs were collected from 20 dairy farms. The samples were examined for the presence of Salmonella, E. coli, and S. aureus following standard techniques and procedures. The agar disc diffusion method was used for the antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Results: The overall occurrence of Salmonella, E. coli, and S. aureus was 2.35%, 11.75%, and 2.35% respectively. Out of the 9 Salmonella isolates, 5(4.95%), 3(2.97%), and 1(5%) were isolated from udder milk, rectal feces, and floor swab respectively. S. aureus isolate was highest in udder milk 3(2.97%), followed by cow nasal swab 2(1.98%), feces 1(0.99%), bucket swab 1(5%), floor swab 1(5%) and milker’s nasal swab 1(5%). E. coli was highest in milk sample 19(18.81%), followed by fecal samples 16(15.84%), bucket swab 5(25%), floor Swab 4(20%) and 1(0.99%) in cow nasal swab. All Salmonella isolates were 100% sensitive to nalidixic acid, however 55.55%, 22.22%, and 11.11, respectively, were resistant to cefoxitin, tetracycline, and gentamycin. Tetracycline, cefoxitin, and streptomycin resistance were observed in 33.33%, 9.52%, and 19.05% of E. coli isolates, respectively. On the other hand, all isolates were 100% sensitive to nitrofurantoin, ceftriaxone, nalidixic acid, and ciprofloxacin. The antibiotic susceptibility profiles of S. aureus showed that 55.55% and 11.11% were resistant to Penicillin G and Erythromycin, respectively and all isolates were 100% sensitive to cefoxitin, nitrofurantoin, and gentamicin. Conclusion: The current study shows lower prevalence, lower antimicrobial resistance, and higher susceptibility for most antimicrobials. Recommendation: Stringent control measures, such as treatment of positive cases with effective medications and preventative measures including strict hygiene standards, such as cleaning of the floor, pens, and milking equipment, as well as adequate hand washing throughout the milking process, should be adopted. 24 Aug, 2023 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-9-240.php Brucellosis is a contagious zoonotic disease transferred from sick animals to humans and endemic in Eastern Africa and other countries. The objective of this study was to assess the extent of the knowledge and attitudes relating to brucellosis at the human-animal interface and identify practice at the farm and household level that poses a risk for human infection at the study site. By cross-sectional study design, a total of 120 participants were involved in assessing Knowledge, Attitude, and practice (KAP) toward the disease. From the study, about 20% of respondents knew the disease, out of which 75% heard about it from a veterinary service. Nearly, 79% and 75% understood that the disease can be transmitted between cattle and from cattle to humans respectively. About 54.2% handle placental membranes and aborted fetuses with bare hands. Of the total respondents, 5.8% and 38.3% have had good knowledge and good practice scores respectively. Educational level, with illiterate less, knew, highly influences both knowledge (p = 0.01) and practice (p = 0.018) of the respondents. Males (p = 0.006) had a good practice, which was statistically significant. This indicates that an awareness creation campaign is important so as to equip the farmers in the study areas with knowledge of the disease and to change their malpractice in order to protect themselves from brucellosis. 24 Aug, 2023 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-9-239.php Poultry production, health, and immunity are some of the factors that can encounter upcoming poultry sector growth. Consumer confidence, quality of product and safety and type of product, and the diseases, which are emerging and re-emerging will be continuing to be the main challenges to the present situations and the industry’s strategic future. Zoonotic and foodborne infections and diseases are firmly associated with the poultry industry. Elimination, control of zoonotic diseases, eradication, and foodborne pathogens present a key challenge to the industry of poultry. Furthermore, the hazards to public health by consuming food with higher residues of antibiotics will stay a life-threatening concern. Poultry production theory explained here in a short review not only be restricted to overlook control of the disease. Somewhat, this will also include the interconnection of animal immunity, health, and welfare. It is important to keep in view that chicken is not prone to intra-nasal infections by COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) pathogen. However, the pandemic of COVID-19 will be affecting the consumption of poultry, transportation, and the economy of poultry farming. This will also draw attention to its, social dimension, economy, ethics, and the sustenance of the achievement of the highest ecological safety. This review aims to explore these main tasks in detail, ensuring the industry’s sustainable growth and ecological safety. Chain partners need to be more involved in present and future planning to fulfill human demand. 01 Aug, 2023 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-9-238.php Omphalocele is a rare congenital condition where closure defects in the abdominal wall at the umbilical ring lead to the protrusion of intestinal or other visceral organs, covered by a thin epithelial layer. The developmental mechanism of this condition is not fully understood, and various theories have been proposed to explain it. This study presents a case of omphalocele in a newborn female black goat kid, detailing its clinical presentation, surgical management, and postoperative care. The surgical procedure involved meticulous preparation of the surgical site, administration of local anesthesia, and careful repositioning of the intestines, liver, and a portion of the spleen. Excess skin and the amnion membrane were removed to facilitate safe repositioning, and the umbilical ring was excised to widen the opening. The abdominal wall layers were meticulously closed using appropriate suture materials. The kid’s postoperative recovery was uneventful, with normal vital signs, fecal passage, and feeding behavior observed. The study discusses omphalocele in comparison to other abdominal abnormalities and explores potential developmental mechanisms. The authors emphasize the importance of immediate surgical intervention despite varying prognoses associated with this condition. The study underscores the significance of surgical treatment for omphalocele cases in newborn goat kids, providing hope for affected animals and valuable insights for veterinary professionals. Although the exact prevalence of omphalocele remains uncertain due to unreported cases, this report demonstrates successful surgical correction and the potential for curing the condition if diagnosed and treated promptly. Further research is needed to fully understand the genetic and environmental factors contributing to omphalocele and its impact on livestock. 13 Jul, 2023 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-9-237.php Calf care is not only essential for the sustenance of the dairy industry but is also essential for preserving and maintaining good-quality of germplasm. On the contrary, high levels of calf mortality have limited dairy herd expansion and genetic improvement in the study area. Therefore, the study was developed to evaluate the existing calf health and management problems and to assess the level of farmers’ knowledge and calf health and management practices in the study areas. Thus, a cross-sectional study design was used and the study districts and peasant association were selected purposely where as the individual household was selected randomly using a systematic random sampling method. A total of 50 households were selected from the three districts and a detailed questionnaire survey format was designed to generate baseline information related to the calf health management system and major calf health problems. As the study result indicated diseases like blackleg, pneumonia, and internal and external parasites were the most dominant calves’ health problems. About 50% of the respondents informed that most calf mortalities occurred due to pneumonia, blackleg, starvation, heartwater, diarrhea, and bloat. Even though all calves were getting access to colostrum feeding, they do not access the optimum level, and regarding calves’ feed natural grass is categorized in the first rank where as concentrated feeds (ground maize, grain, noug cake) and food left over (local brewery by product and straw) were placed in the second and third rank, respectively. And all farmers in the study area have access to veterinary services, however, the accessibility is not uniform among the farmers. In general, as the study revealed there has been poor management practice regarding both feeding and housing of calves in the study area. Therefore, identifying economically important animal diseases and designing strategic preventive and control measures and improvement of calf management practices through awareness creation among farmers is valuable. 11 Jul, 2023 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-9-236.php Horses are the most important animals in the packing and transport systems of Ethiopia. Though disease and related problems are significant impediments to their performance, their socioeconomic contribution is frequently undervalued; as a result, their welfare is severely jeopardized. As a result, this cross-sectional study was carried out to identify the major skin problem of working horses in and around Bishoftu town, as well as associated risk factors. A total of 414 working horses were considered for the study. Selected horses were clinically examined for visible skin lesions, and a questionnaire survey was performed simultaneously. The overall prevalence of skin problems was found to be 60%. In decreasing order, the skin problems recorded in the study were wound (41.3%), epizootic lymphangitis (16.4%), and sarcoids (1.9%). There was a significant difference (x2 = 15.66, p 0.05) in the prevalence of wounds among different body condition scores; horses in poor body condition were more exposed to wounds than horses in better body condition. There was a significant difference (p 0.05) in the prevalence of wound up by age group, indicating that horses in their senior years were particularly vulnerable. Injuries caused by an improper harness and saddle design were more prevalent (x2 = 409.93, p = 0.000). A slightly higher proportion of wounds was encountered in the chest area of the body (24%). There was a significant difference (x2 = 4.0028, p 0.05) in the prevalence of epizootic lymphangitis depending on the type of work that indicated that cart horses were more highly affected than pack horses. But there was no significant difference based on age, body condition score, or housing system. There was a significant difference in the prevalence of sarcoids between horses that had been sheltered and those that had not; the non-sheltered horses had a significantly higher prevalence than the sheltered horses. The anatomical distribution of the occurrence of wounds on the horses was found to indicate an association between areas of harnessing, packing, and inappropriate hobbling. This study showed wounds as a major skin problem for working horses in the region. A comprehensive equine health programme should be implemented in order to alleviate the prevailing problem. 11 Jul, 2023 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-9-235.php For local chicken ecotypes, knowledge of the distribution of genetic diversity will be useful for optimizing conservation and utilization strategies. In Ethiopia, rural chickens are found in huge numbers distributed across different agroecological zones under a traditional family-based scavenging management system. However, due to the prevalence of diseases and predators, low genetic potentials, feed shortage, and limited feed resources, constraints related to the institutional, infrastructural, socio-economic, and economic contribution of local chickens are not proportional to their huge number. Therefore, the aim of this review was to describe the production system, phenotypic characterization, and breeding objective traits of local chicken ecotypes. Overall desired traits by farmers are body weight, comb type, breeding ability, plumage color, body conformation, egg number, and size, adaptive trait, and mothering ability. Generally, these traits are considered important for selecting chicken in a market for meat and egg consumption and for breeding purposes in Ethiopia. Therefore, these preference traits and breeding objectives of farmers are important to improve the genetic part of chickens in Ethiopia. 27 Jun, 2023 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-9-234.php Anthrax is a serious infectious disease caused by a bacterium called Bacillus anthracis. It can affect humans and animals, especially grazing livestock such as cattle, sheep, and goats. Anthrax spores are very resistant and can survive in the environment for a long time. People can get anthrax from direct contact with infected animals or animal products, or from inhaling or ingesting anthrax spores. There are four types of anthrax infection in humans: cutaneous, gastrointestinal, inhalation, and injection. Anthrax is also a potential bioterrorism agent, as it can be easily produced and dispersed as a powder or a liquid. Anthrax is still a neglected global health challenge that requires constant vigilance and collaboration among various stakeholders. As new technologies and strategies emerge, the current status and trends in the prophylaxis and management of anthrax disease need to be updated and evaluated regularly. The disease poses a significant public health and economic burden in the countries, especially in rural areas where livestock is the main source of livelihood. Since the disease is endemic to Ethiopia awareness of its status, economic, zoonoses, and public health significance must be addressed. Anthrax is a disease that requires constant vigilance and preparedness, as it poses a threat to both natural and deliberate outbreaks, enhancing surveillance, outbreak response, and diagnostics can help prevent and control anthrax cases in animals and humans, and reduce the social and economic consequences of this disease. Therefore, the objectives of this paper are to review the status, zoonoses, biowarfare, and economic and public health importance of anthrax. 27 Jun, 2023 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-9-233.php Agriculture in the United States (US) is a major industry, which is the net exporter of food. The livestock sector is a centerpiece of the industry, and the base for this sector is forage resources. A forage-livestock production system is the largest economic agricultural sector in the US, and it feeds millions of people each day. More than half of the US land area has been devoted to cultivating forage crops mainly for livestock feed. In spite of the several options of forage crops available to growers to choose for production, the suitable choice often relies on the quality and quantity of hay that can be produced by the crop to meet production objectives. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), the world’s premier forage crop, remains to be the number one choice for livestock feed due to its ability to produce high yields of sustained nutritive value. However, recent data shows that on the national average, alfalfa hay yields are decreasing with a direct and indirect consequent effect on the nation’s economy. Implementing efficient agronomic management practices in the alfalfa production system is a step in the direction of successful production. Along with the initial soil fertility status, integrating production factors including phosphorus and potassium fertilization, cultivar, and harvest management can be advantageous to ensure an improved physiology of alfalfa for greater hay production in the long term. Core ideas • Alfalfa hay production in the US has been decreasing over the past 3 decades. • Reduced hay yields of alfalfa pose significant challenges to the forage-livestock production system. • There is a critical need to continually improve the productivity of alfalfa. • Appropriate agronomic amendments present opportunities to enhance alfalfa production. • Annual application of phosphorus and potassium to high-yielding alfalfa cultivar based on the initial soil fertility status, and harvest time have a great potential for higher hay yields. 10 Jun, 2023 https://veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-9-232.php Cancer in animals and human beings spread through both hematogenous and lymphatic routes. While detection of cancer through the hematogenous route is easy delineating the different pathways in lymphatic and lymph nodes involves skill and an advanced imaging system. The present review highlights different techniques for outlining the lymphatic in canine cancer patients. The Sentinel Lymph Node (SLN) is the first or echelon or initial draining node from the primary tumor mass in a regional lymphocentre. Positive (SLN) needs to be evaluated, and surgical planning for its removal along with local tumor control affects the prognosis of any carcinoma or sarcoma. This review discusses different indirect lymphography procedure and their importance to detect the sentinel lymph node in a lymphatic basin both preoperatively and intraoperatively for better surgical assessment of various canine malignancies. 23 Feb, 2023 https://veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-9-231.php Eggshell Membrane (ESM) has been used as an alternative natural bandage to cure wounds and is available in large quantities from egg industries. This study is based on the use of natural resources for skin tissue reconstruction. It needs to understand regeneration of tissue with Extracellular Matrix (ECM). Wound healing is a complicated and continuous recovery process of damaged tissues by replacing dysfunctional injured cellular structures. The wound healing process recruits some different phases: the first phase for hemostasis, the second phase for inflammation, the third phase for proliferation, and last phases for maturation/tissue remodeling. Each process needs an appropriate surrounding to achieve accelerated healing. Because the skin is in contact with the outside, injuries occur and therefore the surface is often injured. Due to the different types of wounds, as well as the advancement in medical technology, various products have been developed to repair different skin lesions. We investigate the wound healing effects which are measured by dividing into the Exture® group, the commercially available wound dressing group (positive control), and the untreated group (negative control). We induced wounds and measured the healing process for 20 days for a comparison experiment of collagen membrane wound healing. As for the wound, the decrease in wound area using external photographs, the healing process within the tissue, and the immune response were measured through hematology analysis. We confirmed some differences through comparison of blood cell analysis and wound healing process but did not find statistical significance. There was no significant difference between treated collagen wound dressing film and commercial wound dressing film. Thus, this study reveals that the possibility of use natural source-based wound healing products brings sufficient wound healing results. 01 Feb, 2023 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-9-230.php This article intended to include the effect of manipulation phase feeding systems on broiler performance and carcass-serum lipids. The results of many different research studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of different phase feeding. The result showed that broiler performance was not affected but fat deposition and cholesterol, total feed intake was significantly reduced by the different phase feeding programs. So, we can conclude that phase feeding is one of the methods to reduce fat deposition and cost by controlling the amount of feed intake. 31 Dec, 2022 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-8-229.php Obstructive urolithiasis is urine retention due to the calculi lodgment in the urinary tract. Thus, treatment of urolithiasis is basically to establish normal urinary passage, which can be accomplished in various ways depending on the severity of the condition. This case report describes surgical management of urolithiasis through penile amputation in a five-year-old local breed bull that was brought to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu Ethiopia with a complaint of difficulty in passing urine that had developed certain days before presentations. Upon presentation, the animal was found to be dull and depressed, and tail wringing, stamping the feet, kicking at the abdomen, and stretching were observed. On clinical examination per rectal palpation, the urinary bladder was distended. Based on the history and rigorous clinical examination the case was tentatively diagnosed as obstructive urolithiasis. Then penile amputation was performed through a post-scrotal approach after aseptic preparation and controlling of the animal in the appropriate position. Fortunately, after surgery, the animal was urinated continuously and postoperative follow-up and complications were recorded. Finally, the bull was uneventfully recovered and the skin suture was removed on the 15th day of the operation. 21 Dec, 2022 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-8-228.php The dairy sector is threatened by mastitis, the most prominent and complicated infectious illness in the world for dairy cows. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of mastitis and potential predisposing factors. A cross-sectional study was carried out from November 2016 to April 2017 in and around Holeta town. A total of 316 lactating cows were purposefully selected and diagnosed for mastitis by physical examination and using the California mastitis test. The total prevalence of mastitis at the cow level was 74.05% (95% CI = 0.69-0.79). At the cow level, the prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis was 18.35% and 55.7%, respectively, whilst at the quarter level, it was 9.26% and 35%. Of the 1264 quarters inspected, 47 (3.72%), which correspond to 39 (12.34%), were discovered to be blind teats, while the other 1217 (96.28%) were found to be in use. The intrinsic factors significantly related (p 0.05) with the presence of mastitis in the multivariable logistic regression model were breed (AOR = 0.003, CI = 0.0003-0.335, in local cows (AOR = 0.003, CI = 0.0003-0.335, p = 0.000), age, in adult cows (AOR = 16, CI = 3.072-83.293, p = 0.001) and in old cows (AOR = 20, CI = 1.031-388.39, p = 0.048) and stage of lactation, in mid-lactation stage (AOR = 0.08, CI = 0.028-0.211, p = 0.000) and in late lactation (AOR = 0.1, CI = 0.033-0.288, p = 0.000). Semintensive management system &#40;AOR = 16.85, CI = 5.484-51.824, p = 0.000&#41; and extensive management system &#40;AOR = 0.14, CI = 0.059-0.320, p = 0.000&#41;, milking hygiene (AOR = 9.43, CI = 3.443-25.805, p = 0.000), and previous mastitis exposure (AOR = 2.7, CI = 1.036-7.022, p = 0.042). This study revealed that subclinical mastitis had a high prevalence rate relative to clinical mastitis. This reveals that the disease lacks strategic preventative and control measures and that mastitis is economically significant in the studied area. According to this study, in order to reduce the economic loss of dairy farms, there should be stringent hygienic milking practices and a consistently sanitary conditions of the farms. Additionally, it would be helpful to promote awareness about routinely checking for subclinical mastitis and culling old and very often infected cows. 15 Nov, 2022 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-8-227.php The work describes two cases of Indian peacocks (Pavo cristatus) originating from extensive breeding, in which pulmonary aspergillosis and aerosacculitis were diagnosed. A clinical examination revealed difficult breathing with an open beak, gradual apathy, decreased appetite, and weight loss in both affected individuals. During the endoscopic examination, a yellow, caseous mass was diagnosed in the area of ​​the margo caudalis of the lung. Pathological autopsy in both cases revealed a granuloma in the area of ​​the left lung parenchyma and aerosacculitis. Fungal hyphae were detected in the granulomas by pathological-histological examination, and Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus parasiticus were diagnosed by mycological culture. 27 Sep, 2022 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-8-226.php The most prevalent and ubiquitous organisms in the world are bacteria-killing viruses called bacteriophages. The aim of this paper is to highlight some application areas of bacteriophages. There are both virulent and temperate bacteriophages in the environment, but only virulent bacteriophages are used for treatment, known as phage therapy. Since their discovery, bacteriophages have been considered a vital weapon to fight human and animal illnesses of bacterial origin. Currently, the emergence of growing microbial resistance to antibiotics and attention to bacteriophage use in treatment has all but grown up again. Correspondingly, the applications of bacteriophages for biocontrol purposes have become a remarkable opportunity in a number of fields, including farms and food production. Despite their treatment effects, bacteriophages also maintain a vital relationship with their hosts through moderating microbial populations and promoting their evolution by horizontal gene transfer. Additionally, they serve as vehicles for the transfer of vaccinations, the detection of dangerous microorganisms and systems for displaying proteins and antibodies. Bacteriophages are a varied collection of viruses that are simple to handle, making them suitable for use in treatments and biotechnology research. Hence, the expansion of various phage companies for phage production and the use of phage cocktails for the treatment of various bacterial diseases at different stages is recommended. 14 Sep, 2022 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-8-225.php Background: Bovine Neosporosis (BN) and Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD) are economically significant livestock disease that causes reproductive and respiratory problems in cattle and buffalo caused by protozoan parasite Neospora caninum and Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) respectively. The burden of production and economic loss due to infectious reproductive diseases are still unknown in the various location of Nepal. Objectives: To overview the prevalence of bovine neosporosis and bovine viral diarrhea infection in a commercially important livestock herd from Tilottama Municipality, Rupandehi, Nepal. Methods: A cross-sectional purposive study was conducted through a questionnaire survey to collect demographic and farm characteristics information. In total 92 serum samples from jugular veins were collected from a different herd of Tilottama Municipality of Rupandehi, Nepal. The antibody against BVDV was tested using the competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (c-ELISA). Results: The individual animal-wise apparent prevalence was 9.78% with a true prevalence of 9.70% (5.09 - 17.57) and 3.26% with a true prevalence of 3.10%; CI (0.93 - 9.06) for BN and BVD respectively. The risk factor history of abortion was associated significantly with BN and BVD seropositivity (p &lt; 0.05). Animals in the mixed farming system and contact with dogs were associated significantly with the occurrence of bovine viral diarrhea and bovine neosporosis respectively at (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusion and recommendation: The stuy indicated the circulation of Neospora caninum and bovine viral diarrhea in dairy herds of the study area. It is suggested that the stakeholders in the study area should be sensitized to the impact of Neospora caninum and bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in dairy herds and include both diseases in the regional and national surveillance system. 09 Sep, 2022 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-8-224.php Gastrointestinal nematode infections cause significant production losses in ruminants. In southern Australia, the estimated annual cost of internal parasites in sheep, cattle and goats are $436million, $82m and $2.54m, respectively. An over-reliance on anthelmintic treatments has resulted in anthelmintic resistance becoming an increasing concern for producers. Reducing the need for chemical anthelmintics is desirable to lower producer costs and limit the development of anthelmintic resistance. Condensed tannins found in many trees and forages are a plant secondary compound receiving considerable interest as an alternative anthelmintic strategy. Direct anthelmintic effects from condensed tannins are associated with the binding of larval proteins; slowing egg hatching, larval development and exsheathment. Indirect effects are associated with improvements to protein metabolism and immune function within the animal. Several native Australian tree extracts have demonstrated anthelmintic properties, but further research is required to assess their suitability for silvopastoral systems in South Australia. Lay Summary Gastrointestinal nematodes or ‘worms’, significantly lower both the physical well-being and economic profitability of livestock such as cattle, sheep and goats, in South Australia. There are concerns about parasite resistance with current chemical treatments and consumers are demanding chemical-free, sustainably produced food. Silvopastoral systems, where animals are grazed underneath or alongside trees, have many potential benefits to the animals and the environment. This review explores the potential effects of condensed tannins on worm burden and protein metabolism. Condensed tannins are found in the leaves of several types of plants, including trees and show considerable potential to reduce nematode burden in ruminant livestock by slowing parasite lifecycle, with a particular focus on egg and larval stages. Condensed tannins may also improve livestock protein metabolism or excretion. Several native Australian trees contain condensed tannins with the potential to reduce nematode burdens when used in silvopastoral systems. Teaser Text Condensed tannin ingestion by allowing access to tree forage in silvopastoral systems, has the potential to reduce gastrointestinal nematode burden in livestock by slowing the parasite lifecycle. 02 Sep, 2022 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-8-223.php The cross-sectional research study was conducted from November 2015 up to April 2016 in order to assess the prevalence of Brucella infection in shoats in two woredas in the Arsi zone, Oromia region, Ethiopia. The study was conducted in six Peasant Associations (3 PAs from each district). A total of 397 sheep and goats were sampled to be studied. Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) was used as a Screening test for Brucella agglutinins, while Complement Fixation Test (CFT) was used to confirm the reactors by Rose Bengal Plate Test. The statistical analysis of the data was run by Fisher’s exact test and the comparison of proportion was carried out too. Out of the 397 sera samples, 1.51% (n = 6) were seropositive for Brucella infection by RBPT; however, the CFT test indicated that only 0.5% (n = 2) sera were positive. Overall point estimation of 0.2% ovine and caprine Brucella infection was observed. High prevalence has been observed in aborted, parity one (1-5 kidding or lamping), female and in goats than non-aborted, parity two (> 6 lambing or kidding), male and sheep respectively. Especially high Seroprevalence in aborted goats indicates the presence of the illness in the two woredas’. The brucellosis presence in goats and sheep is significant as the infected animals can act as reservoirs of infection and may transmit the infection to human beings by several routes. So, Control measures should be designed and implemented by focusing on the prevention of further illness expansion in the study area by using an appropriate control practices approach. 23 Aug, 2022 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-8-222.php Out of 300 ostrich chicks imported from South Africa, five chicks of age two months faced rectal prolapse problems at once in the Ostrich Farm Private Limited Rupandehi, Nepal. The feather around the red protruded mass was removed and the protruded mass was cleaned with normal saline. The protruded mass was pushed with gentle pressure and corrected through surgical correction. A blood sample was taken for the analysis of the Hematological profile and the fecal sample was observed under the microscope through floatation and sedimentation techniques. On the fecal examination, no parasites were found. Feed management was done for the first day and Calcium with vitamins and other minerals was given. On the next day, two birds having small protruded masses were recovered. The protruded mass of the next three chicks was restored. Local anesthesia was given with 2ml 2%xylocaine solution around the vent region. Purse string suture is done with silk thread around the anal orifice. Blood serum examination reveals that severe low level of calcium i.e. 6.7,7.1,6.5,6.8,6.9 respectively in all 5 ostrich chicks which should be in the normal range of 9-24. As per my case study, the main cause of this prolapse is the low calcium level, the low fiber in the diet and cold stress due to the winter season. 28 Jul, 2022 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-8-221.php The objective of the study was to evaluate the combinational effect of Bacillus subtilis strain PB6 along with vitamins (V), minerals (M), and amino acids (A) on performance, growth, and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens during the early days and compare with commercially available combinations of V+A, and M+A without probiotics. An in vivo trial was conducted for a period of 35 days with day 1 Cobb 430 broiler chicks, randomly allotted to one control and four treatment groups namely T1 (PB6+VMA-1 g/L), T2 (PB6+VMA-2 g/L), T3 (V+A-1 mL/L) and T4 (M+A-2 mL/L) using a completely randomized design. Each group had 7 replicates and 12 birds per replicate. The performance parameters such as body weight (BW), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were monitored throughout the trial. At the end of 7 days, BW was significantly higher for T2 (174.71 g) in comparison with T1 (173.99 g), T3 (174.41 g), T4 (173.39 g), and control (173.35 g, p < 0> 0.05). Similarly, at the end of 35 days, T2 (1842.15 g) showed the highest BW compared to control (1818.36 g), T1 (1839.39 g), T3 (1833.20 g), and T4 (1816.73 g) and significantly least FCR (1.53, p < 0> 0.05). The gut health of the birds was assessed by evaluating the dysbacteriosis and total mean lesion score at the end of 35 days and a score of less than one was observed for all the groups. Furthermore, return on investment (ROI) was analyzed and T1 showed an ROI of 2.21:1, followed by T2 which showed an ROI of 1.72:1, and no ROI was seen for T3 and T4. The results from this study suggest that supplementation of PB6 along with essential nutrients has a positive impact on the performance of broiler chickens, without affecting gut health and helps poultry producers for profitable farming. 19 Jul, 2022 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-8-220.php The research was conducted to study physical parameters and histological structural patterns based on the coat color of Black Bengal goat skins. Five hundred skins were randomly selected, and measured using scientific instruments and the Haematoxylin-Eosin staining method was used for histological study. Black coat color skin was found the highest (58%), the mean weight, length, and width of Black Bengal goat skin was 998.80 gm, 29.24, and 20.91 cm, respectively but there were no significant differences among the groups. The mean thickness of the skin was 1.97, 1.43, and 1.96 mm in the butt, bell, and shoulder regions, respectively, and significantly different between the groups in all categories. All slaughtered goats were flayed using the “Muchki” (Hoisting and fisting) method. The average flay cut length, depth, and mechanical and parasitic damages were 20.2 mm, 1.50 mm, 6.11, and 1.50 %, respectively. No significant difference (p > 0.05) was found in inedible fleshing by-products, but significant differences (p &lt; 0.05) were found in trimming by-products production and salt required for curing. Salted skins were preserved for an average of 3.5 days. Hair follicles, sebaceous glands, erector pili muscles, collagen fibers, and fiber bundles were more regular in the butt region than shoulder and belly regions in the black, brown, white, and mixed coat color of Black Bengal goat skins. 12 Jul, 2022 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-8-219.php Listeria monocytogenes is a bacterium mostly transmitted to man through food and it can cause mild gastroenteritis or severe infections of the bloodstream and/or the central nervous system, or abortion, depending on host susceptibility. Listeriosis is a serious illness caused by eating food contaminated with the bacterium Listeria, which is a Gram-positive psychotropic, facultatively anaerobic, none sporulating, motile, small rod. It displays characteristic tumbling motility that is facilitated by the presence of peritrichous flagella. Motility is temperature-dependent, showing high motility at 20-30°C when the flagellar expression is maximum. L. monocytogenes is ubiquitous in the environment and can be found in soil, water, feces, silage, effluent foods, and sewage. It has the ability to form biofilms which can contribute to its ability to colonize food processing facilities. The primary mode of transmission for Listeria is through soil contamination and ingestion of contaminated feed. Calves that develop the septicemic disease may acquire infection from contamination of the cow teat from the ingestion of milk containing the organism or from a cow with subclinical bacteremia, through the navel from the environment and also as congenital infection. Infection with Listeria. monocytogenes usually follow ingestion of contaminated feed and may result in septicemia, encephalitis, and abortion. There are few clinical features that are unique to listeriosis. Therefore, clinicians must consider a variety of potential causes of infection, including viral infections (influenza) and other bacterial infections that may cause sepsis or meningitis. Cook thoroughly raw food from animal sources, such as beef, pork, or poultry. Wash raw vegetables thoroughly before eating. Keep uncooked meats separate from vegetables and from cooked foods and ready-to-eat foods. Avoid raw (unpasteurized) milk or foods made from raw milk. Wash hands, knives, and cutting board and can contact with before and after handling cooked foods. 01 Jul, 2022 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-8-218.php This review was conducted to review the information on milk production performance, challenges, and opportunities of dairy cattle production in Oromia. Supported management practices, marketing situations, feed sources, and feeding systems the foremost milk production systems are identified as rural milk production, peri-urban, and concrete milk production. Ethiopia holds large potential for dairy development mainly thanks to an acceptable environment and large cattle number that contains 65.35 million cattle populations. While there is a large milk cow population and favorable climatic conditions, self-sufficiency in milk production is low. The mean values of daily milk yield (DMY) range from 1 to2.8 liter/day with lactation length (LL) of 6.78 to 9.13 months for indigenous breeds, 6.5 to fifteen liters/day with lactation length of 7.52 to 11.67 months for crossbreed cows respectively. Both DMY and LL were significantly stricken by breed, parity, and year of calving. Challenges for dairying vary from one location to a distinct one. The foremost challenge that affects milk production performance of cattle in Oromia includes feed shortage, high feed cost, land shortage for farming of improved forage, insufficient veterinary services, no operational breeding strategy and policy, and low productivity of the indigenous cattle breeds are the foremost important factor limiting dairy products within the region. Therefore, to enhance these milk production performances of the dairy cow to determine genetic improvement policy, strategy, and breeding program and implement well management practices. 02 Jun, 2022 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-8-217.php Background: Ethiopia is rich in sheep and goats, accounting for 63% of the income from financial production and 23% of the cost of food. However, this immense wealth potential has not been well exploited for the support of farmers and their contribution to the economy as a whole due to various factors such as diseases. Among these, fascioliasis is one of the most economically important parasitic diseases of farm animals, especially in sheep. Objectives: To determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with ovine fasciolosis in the study area. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was conducted to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with ovine fasciolosis in four randomly selected peasant associations in and around Bedele town by using standard fecal sedimentation techniques. Results: Out of a total of 384 sheep faecal samples processed and examined, 85 (22.1%) were positive for fasciolosis. Risk factors such as origin, age, sex, and body condition were also assessed for the occurrence of the disease. Accordingly; Shebe (26.4%) had a higher sheep fasciolosis, followed by Yabella (22.5%), Dabena Daru (20.8%), and Bedele 02 (17.5%) with no significant differences in peasant associations (p > 0.05). The prevalence rate under different body condition scores was recorded as poor (38.6%) compared to medium (22.3%), followed by good (16.3%). Similarly, infection was found to be among female (23%) and male (21%) sex groups; but had a statistically significant association (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusion and Recommendations: Current research suggests that fasciolosis affecting sheep was a common parasitic disease in the study area, so control strategies should be developed to reduce the spread of infection. 26 May, 2022 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-8-216.php A pet has been shared in the environment many times and also they are bringing major psychological well-being to society. However, dogs and cats were a carrier of microorganisms that are pathogens for human infection, like viral, bacterial, parasitic, and others. From those pathogens are the emerging or re-emerging viral zoonoses for a human being, such as rabies, cowpox, rotaviruses, and others. Bacterial infections include scratches, pasteurellosis, Staphylococcus aureus, Leptospira, and tuberculosis leading to severe cases for people because of the different factors which occur in pet animals. Similarly, parasitic infections including hydatidosis, and leishmaniasis, are also recalled as pet-related zoonotic diseases. Lack of Veterinary care, good personal hygiene and pet hygiene, and absence of health education are the factors such as a risk of zoonotic infection. 25 May, 2022 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-8-215.php Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a severe viral disease that is having an impact on the cattle industry. The disease is now widespread in the majority of African countries, and it has lately expanded beyond the continent into the Middle East area. The disease’s symptoms include an initial period of fever, followed by swollen lymph nodes, circumscribed firm skin nodules, and ulcerative lesions. It occurs in all agroclimatic situations, although it is more common in low-lying areas and beside watercourses. It is transmitted by insect vectors among cattle that share comparable pasture and watering sites and gather in the same barn. In this article, the lumpy skin disease virus, its epidemiology, and diagnostic methods are reviewed. 11 May, 2022 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-8-214.php Background: Milk is universally accepted as a complete diet that plays a key role to ensure food security. However, the quality of raw cow milk is affected at various stages due to inadequate dairy infrastructure and limited knowledge of hygienic handling practices. Thus, the study aimed to evaluate the microbial quality of raw cow milk and handling practices in the North Shewa zone, Oromia, Ethiopia. Methodology: Purposive sampling was used to select study districts and participants based on the available dairy production potential, milk market, and collection center. Four hundred participants were selected; 50 raw cow milk samples were collected from households and collection spots in study areas. Results: Microbial analysis indicated that the mean values of total cell counts were higher in households (4.836±0.206 in log10 CFU/ml) than 4.391±0.15 at collection spots. Similarly, the mean values of Staphylococcus aurous were 2.470±0.038 at the household level and 2.249±0.093 at collection spots. The mean values of E.coli, yeast count and mould count were however, higher at collection spots (5.414±0.100, 3.372±0.091, 2.670±0.037) than household level (3.343±0.122, 2.944±0.074, 2.479±0.039), respectively. Conclusions: The higher total counts and mean values of microbial loads of economic and public health significance; like Staphylococcus aurous and E. coli at household level and collection spots indicated poor hygienic raw cow milk handling practices. Therefore, awareness should be created among the dairy cattle producers and milk collectors to minimize economic losses through milk spoilage with soil microbes and the risk of consumer safety due to zoonotic pathogens. 27 Apr, 2022 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-8-213.php Background: The aim of this study was to characterize and identify the bacterial flora associated with a specific hoof infection in a population of horses in the Rochester NY area. Methods: Samples taken from horses showing symptoms of infection were first grown on a Brain-Heart Infusion (BHI) solid medium. Forty different bacterial colonies were obtained and characterized microscopically and biochemically. The identity of these bacteria was also confirmed by 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing. Results: We have identified normal inhabitants of the skin such as Staphylococcus epidermidis as well as bacteria of the genus Bacillus commonly found in soil. In addition, bacteria such as Enterococcus gallinarum and Lactobacillus normally found in the intestinal tract of mammals were recovered. Interestingly, Corynebacterium xerosis, which is known to cause animal diseases was also isolated from infected horses. Conclusions: Our results indicate that the infection affecting the horses is likely the result of the presence of multiple bacterial genera including members of the normal skin and gut flora, as well as soil bacteria. 23 Apr, 2022 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-8-212.php Currently, the role of opportunistic pathogenic microflora in the total number of dermatological patients in veterinary clinics has increased significantly. As the author’s personal experience shows, the clinical significance of fungal opportunistic microflora is often underestimated by veterinary professionals. The article considers a case of successful treatment of Acremonium spp skin infection in an 11-year-old female French bulldog. A course of therapy using itraconazole, terbinafine, probiotics, and topical treatment of the skin with an aerosol product containing 8-oxyquinoline (C9H7NO) stopped the infection within 8 weeks. A follow-up examination of the dog after 3 months showed 90% hair regrowth and no evidence of infection. 22 Apr, 2022 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-8-211.php The life expectancy of the naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber) is longer than that of other rodents. In NMR cells, the hyaluronic acid concentration is at a higher level. The extracellular matrix’s primary constituent is hyaluronic acid, and CD44 and RHMM are the receptors for hyaluronic acid in the cells. Hyaluronan synthases (HAS); HAS1, HAS2, and HAS3 are located in the plasma membrane and produce hyaluronic acid. Moreover, there are six types of hyaluronic degradation enzymes (Hyal-1, Hyal-2, Hyal-3, Hyal-4, and PH-20). Hyaluronic acid is known to have anti-cancerous effects and acts as a double-edged sword promoting cell senescence and protecting against cellular aging at the same time. NMR’s lengthy lifespan may probably be due to the high molecular weight of hyaluronic acid. INK4 isoforms (P16ink4a/b and pALTINK4a/b) and p27kip1 conferring on NMR a 2-way (early and regular respectively) defense mechanism make NMR more resistant to cancer cells than, humans and mice with only regular contact inhibition (regular (p27kip1). This study, therefore, aims to examine the existing molecular interactions within the NMR-HA-CD44 axis and the ability to confer cancer resistance to mammalian cells through INK4 isoforms gene transfer using the CRISPR method. A lot of potential thus exists in studying these relationships and the prospects for answering the yet unknowns in this area. 07 Apr, 2022 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-8-210.php A perineal hernia may occur unilateral or bilateral to the perineum. This may be due to the weakening and disassembly of the pelvic floor muscles, leading to abdominal visceral herniation to the perineal region and needing surgical reconstruction of the pelvic floor. The purpose of this case report is to describe the surgical correction of unilateral perineal hernia along with anal sacculectomy using transposition of internal obturator muscle. After aseptic preparation of the surgical site, an elliptical skin incision over the hernia swelling was performed. From there, the presence of the sac, contents, and adhesion were evaluated, the contents were relocated and the opening was closed with a layer. In the same manner, the anal gland was excised by surgical means. Clinical outcomes including postoperative complications and recur are assessed. Upon regular follow-up, for two months the case didn’t recur and suddenly died later for unrelated reasons. 06 Apr, 2022 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-8-209.php Vultures are obligate scavengers known to accomplish incredible ecological feats unmatched by other birds of prey. However, the role of animal health specialists in vulture conservation is under-emphasized in Nigeria, despite vulture’s explicit dependence on the carcasses of domesticated livestock under the regime of veterinary caregivers. In our research, we evaluate the perception of animal health specialists on vultures and the veterinary use of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) for livestock treatment in the study location. Data collated from a semi-structured questionnaire were analyzed using correspondence analysis to produce a simple visual display of the complex count data matrix. The prevalence of 10 NSAIDs was analyzed along 3 column attributes namely; Not-in-Use (NU), Rarely-Used (RU), and Frequently-Used (FU). The NSAIDs were statistically under the significant influence by the column attributes at 0.05 alpha-level (X2≤64.35;P&lt;0.0000), with the principal axis accounting for 74.33% of the total inertia. Ketoprofen aggregated close to the centroid, while diclofenac and Ibuprofen were strongly associated with FU. Aspirin and Indomethacin inclined significantly towards the NU and RU axes, respectively. Despite the global consensus on the toxic influence of some NSAIDs on the vultures, about 90% of the research respondents were unaware of the hazards toxic NSAIDs are likely to impose on the vultures. Diclofenac has received less than enough focus, despite its extended use for livestock treatment in Nigeria. Future conservation interventions should therefore be designed to involve, engage and educate the veterinary practitioners in Nigeria. 29 Mar, 2022 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-8-208.php Pacific Biosciences has developed a platform that may sequence one molecule of DNA in a period via the polymerization of that strand with one enzyme. Single-molecule real-time sequencing by Pacific BioSciences’ technology is one of the most widely utilized third-generation sequencing technologies. PacBio single-molecule real-time Sequencing uses the Zero-mode waveguide’s ingenuity to distinguish the best fluorescence signal from the stable fluorescent backgrounds generated by disorganized free-floating nucleotides. PacBio single-molecule real-time sequencing does not require PCR amplification, and the browse length is a hundred times longer than next-generation sequencing. It will only cover high-GC and high-repeat sections and is more accurate in quantifying low-frequency mutations. PacBio single-molecule real-time sequencing will have a relatively high error rate of 10%-15% (which is practically a standard flaw of existing single-molecule sequencing technology). In contrast to next-generation sequencing, however, the errors are unintentionally random. As a result, multiple sequencing will effectively rectify the bottom deviance. Unlike second-generation sequencing, PacBio sequencing may be a technique for period sequencing and doesn’t need an intermission between browse steps. These options distinguish PacBio sequencing from second-generation sequencing, therefore it’s classified because of the third-generation sequencing. PacBio sequencing produces extremely lengthy reads with a high error rate and low yield. Short reads refine alignments/assemblies/detections to single-nucleotide precision, whereas PacBio long reads provide reliable alignments, scaffolds, and approximate detections of genomic variations. Through extraordinarily long sequencing reads (average >10,000 bp) and high accord precision, the PacBio Sequencing System can provide a terribly high depth of genetic information. To measure and promote the event of modern bioinformatics tools for PacBio sequencing information analysis, a good browse machine is required. 25 Feb, 2022 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-8-207.php A study on Tapeworm infection in Bovine Calves of Bardibas Municipality, Mahottari district of Nepal was conducted during March – April 2021. A total of 100 fecal samples were collected from Ward No. 1,4 and 7 and examined in the laboratory as described by Soulsby, (1976). The laboratory examination was conducted at the Parasitology Laboratory of Himalayan College of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (HICAST). The overall prevalence of Moniezia spp. in bovine calves was found to be 5% (5/100). Based on the result, the prevalence of Moniezia spp. infestation in buffalo calves was found to be higher 8% (4/50) in comparison to Moniezia infestation in cattle calves 2% (1/50). The prevalence of Moniezia spp. according to the age group was found to be higher 5.56% (4/72) in the age group of 1-3 months compared to the age group of 0-1 month 3.57% (1/28). According to the location, the prevalence of Moniezia spp. the infestation was higher in Kisannagar at 6.38 % (3/47) in comparison with the Ratmata 4% (1/25) and Sunaulo Basti 3.57% (1/28). 29 Jan, 2022 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-8-206.php Anthrax outbreaks are very frequent and recurrent in the Rubirizi district in landing sites along the Kazinga channel in the Queen Elizabeth National Park in Uganda. This has persistently caused huge losses of domestic and wild animals and increased public health risks to communities. A participatory disease search (PDS) was thus conducted to identify risk factors that influence the recurrent occurrence of the outbreaks. Using PDS tools, including, Focus group discussion, Mapping, Seasonal calendars, Timelines and Pairwise ranking, local communities were engaged to recall detailed information regarding previous anthrax outbreaks. The number of persons that participated in focus group discussions ranged from 16 in Kazinga landing site to 22 in Katunguru, 18 in Kashaka landing site and 20 in Kishenyi landing site The findings revealed anthrax outbreaks had been reported previously in Katunguru, Kyabakara, Katera, Kingu and Ryeyu sub-counties of Rubirizi district that lie within or adjacent to the Queen Elizabeth National Park. The last anthrax outbreak occurred in 2014. Death of goats and sheep and wild animals, especially, hippopotami was reported in the landing sites of Kazinga, Katunguru, Kishenyi and Kashaka in Katunguru Subcounty. Uganda Wildlife Authority (UWA) established burial sites for carcasses of dead hippopotami in Kazinga and Kishenyi landing sites. Key risk factors associated with anthrax outbreaks (see attached ranks) in Rubirizi district included: (1) Frequent droughts and associated floods (2.5); (2) Dwelling in landing sites normally used as burial areas for carcasses of dead animals by Uganda Wildlife Authority (2.8); (3) Free movement of goats and sheep and intermingling with wildlife at landing sites along Kazinga channel (3.0); (4) Community habit of eating the meat of dead wild or domestic animals (3.8); (5) Communities eating not well-cooked meat (4.0); (6) Ignorance among communities regarding anthrax and its mode of spread (4.8); (7) Frequent migration of communities from landing sites with low to those with a high risk of anthrax disease (6.5); (8) Grazing domestic animals in close proximity with wildlife in the Game Park (6.8); (9) Communities consuming game meat (8.0); and (10) Frequent occurrence of anthrax outbreaks and spread of anthrax spores through floods and existing water bodies (8.3). In conclusion, the PDS case study successfully identified risk factors associated with anthrax outbreaks in Katunguru Subcounty of Rubirizi district in Uganda. Sensitization of communities on anthrax, its mode of spread and effective and sustainable control was recommended in order to contain anthrax outbreaks. 20 Jan, 2022 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-8-205.php This trial aimed to find out the effect of camel milk and its derivatives on triglycerides and cholesterol levels in Alloxan-Induced diabetic rabbits. Diabetes was induced by intravenous injection of Alloxan solution. The diabetic rabbits were treated with fresh and fermented camel milk and colostrums for 60 days. The results demonstrated that triglycerides and cholesterol levels were reduced throughout the experimental period when using camel milk and its derivatives and the levels were kept within the accepted ranges. 05 Jan, 2022 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-8-204.php A literature review was made to assess the epidemiology, public health importance, diagnostic and control methods of bovine rotavirus. Rotavirus is the genus name under the family Reoviridae which is characterized by segmented genome. The emergence of new serotypes of the virus is related to the segmented nature of the viral genome which allows reassortment during mixed infections. The rotavirus genome consists of 11 double-stranded RNA gene segments encoding 6 nonstructural (NSP1–6) and 6 structural (VP1–4, VP6–VP7) proteins. Rotavirus A is a zoonotic disease and in children less than five years old, human rotavirus is reported to be the most common cause of gastritis. In animals, rotavirus infection usually affects calves within four weeks of age, causing huge economic losses due to death, reduction in weight gain and treatment costs. Bovine rotaviruses are globally distributed and cattle strains have been classified into 12 G types and 11 P types and among them G6, G8 and G10, and P [1], P [5] and P [11] are commonly prevalent bovine strains. However, the presence of 14 G type and 17 P type serotypes from human have reported in different surveillance studies worldwide. Among these, combinations of G1P [8], G2P [4], G3P [8], G4P [8], G9P [8] and G12P [8] are the most common human strains which are responsible for majority of human Rotavirus diseases. The virus is primarily transmitted by fecal-oral route or by direct contact. The excreta from infected animals and humans, excreta contaminated food; water, pasture and air are the potential source of infection for both animal and human rotaviruses. Age, seasonal pattern, strain diversity, poor herd management and housing system, host nutritional and immunological factors are important risk factors associated with rotavirus disease occurrences. The widely used diagnostic methods for detection of rotavirus antibody in human and animals are Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and immune-chromatography while the presence of the rotavirus/antigen is identified by Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA). Electron Microscopy (EM), polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and nucleic acid hybridization. Vaccination is the primary strategy to prevent and control of bovine and human rotavirus infections. High level of antibody in pregnant animals is achieved through live attenuated and inactivated vaccines when administered at the late stage of pregnancy. In human, the two currently used vaccines are the RV5 vaccine (USA) and the RV1 vaccine (Belgium) types. 04 Jan, 2022 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-8-203.php To study the effect of fresh camel milk, fermented camel milk and colostrums on blood glucose levels 30 Alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits were taken. Diabetes was induced in rabbits using Alloxan, the diabetic rabbits were then treated with fresh camel milk, fermented camel milk and colostrums as well as insulin for 60 days. The results demonstrated that the body weight of rabbits treated with camel milk and its derivatives found to be kept within the accepted body weights range of 1.8- 2.5 kg. The lowest serum glucose levels were recorded by Group 1 (control), Group 3 (diabetic-treated with colostrums), Group 4 (diabetic-treated with milk), Group 5 (diabetic-treated with gars) and Group 6 (diabetic-treated with Insulin16 mg/kg body weight daily for 8 weeks) and the levels found to be within the normal level range of 75- 140 mg/dl, the highest level of serum glucose level was recorded by Group 2 (diabetic-non supplemented) and it was higher than the upper limit of the normal range. 31 Dec, 2021 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-7-202.php The study was established to study the effects of supplementation with Sida alba leaves on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, live body weight changes of Sudanese Desert lambs. Fifteen Lambs of 4-6 months old and weighing 18±500 kg were divided into three similar groups each with five animals. Seven days were allowed for adaptation. The lambs were weighed weekly for 8 weeks. Daily feed intake was obtained by subtracting the remained amounts from quantities offered the day before. Feces were collected at the last ten days for determination of nutrients digestibility coefficients via total feces collection method. The data were analyzed using analysis of variance. Differences among means were detected using least significant difference test. The results indicated that group II that was on natural grazing supplemented with Sida alba leaves consumed significantly (p&lt;0.01) greater amount of feed compared to group I that was on the natural grazing only and group III supplemented with a concentrate ration feed intake was 1316,730, 1381,500 and 1207.650 g for group I, II and III, respectively. No significant differences (P≥0.05) in digestibility coefficients of all nutrients between group II and III but group I had lowers coefficients than II and III. Total and daily body weight was higher in group II and III when compared with group I. The biomass production was estimated to be 84.910 g/shrub or 1.697 per hectare based on a square meter space for a plant. It was concluded Sida alba leaves could support lambs on low quality grazing. 24 Dec, 2021 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-7-201.php Transboundary Animal Diseases (TADs) are highly contagious diseases of livestock within the world. they need importance within the international trade of animals and animal products. With rapidly increasing globalization, associated risk of transboundary disease is emerging. They reduce production and productivity, disrupt local and national economies, and also threaten human health (zoonosis). Transboundary diseases are a priority globally, cumulative effort is required at the international level to attenuate the spread of infectious diseases across the borders. except for sub-Saharan African countries more particularly, eradication of most Transboundary animal diseases is impossible thanks to various technical, financial and logistical reasons like increased outbreaks of transboundary animal diseases droughts and market issues. In Ethiopia Transboundary animal diseases are endemic livestock diseases that cause market limits. This imposes far-reaching challenges for agricultural scientists on the critically important have to improve technologies in animal production and health so as to confirm food security, poverty alleviation and to assist the economic process. The international approach to the management of TADs is predicated on the belief that the majority is often eradicated. However, in developing countries, eradication of most TADs is difficult for a range of technical, financial and logistical reasons. General TADs combating strategies include prevention, early warning, early detection and early control. 23 Dec, 2021 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-7-200.php This study was conducted to study the effects of the intake of the Alysacrpus Monilifera on dry matter intake, digestibility of nutrients and performance of Desert bucks. Twelve Desert goats bucks 4-5 years old with an average weight of 11 + 0.250 kg, were divided into three equal groups. The first group was fed A. Monilifera fodder, while the second group consumed the natural pasture free of A. Monilifera while the third group consumed the groundnut haulms. After observing the cases of deadly diarrhea in the first group, the feeding pattern was modified with 50% natural pasture and 50% A. Monilifer fodder. The fodder was analyzed as well as conducting in vitro digestibility. The experimental design was randomized and the data were analyzed using the analysis of variance and the detection of differences among means using least significant difference test. The results showed that feeding A. Monilifer alone resulted in fatal diarrhea in bucks without affecting appetite, and the dry matter digestibility and organic matter in vitro digestibility was significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher in A. Monilifer than compared to the groundnut haulms or the natural grazing. The weight gain was significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher for the group on groundnut haulms and the natural grazing than those on A. Monilifer alone but when 50% of the plant biomass was replaced by the natural grazing the gain was significantly higher. The study concluded that the intake of A. Monilifer at the growth stage was good quality roughage when fed as part of the diet. 23 Dec, 2021 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-7-199.php This study aimed to assess the effects of housing condition and watering regimen on some blood parameters during the period May 2018- February 2019. Desert goat Package Cell Volume% (PCV %) were highest during January, February and lowest during May, and August. Goats had the highest (P<0>0.05) higher for goats under shade compared with those under direct sunlight. The main effects of months on blood metabolites were highly significant (P<0>0.05) for goats under shade compared with those under direct sunlight. Goats watered everyday had slightly lower blood protein and albumin and slightly higher blood glucose in comparison with goats watered every other day. 13 Dec, 2021 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-7-197.php Field studies were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of commercially available mosquito traps to capture suspected West Nile Virus (WNV) vectors and compare the relative abundance, and species composition of mosquitoes captured by traps. Traps included the Mosquito Magnet (MM) Pro, MM-Liberty, MM-X, the CDC-1012, and the Home and Garden (HGM) prototype trap. In the first study, conducted at the University of Florida Horse Teaching Unit (HTU), Gainesville, FL, from May 17 to September 30, 2002, the CDC-1012 caught significantly more mosquitoes than the other traps. The HGM trap did not catch any mosquitoes and was replaced with a horse on July 17. Percentages of WNV vector species captured in traps and vacuumed from the horse, respectively, were Culex nigripalpus Theobald 85-91% and 27%, and Mansonia titillans (Walker) 2-5% and 40%. In the second study, performed for 5 days in April 2003, the MM-Pro, MM-X, and CDC-1012 traps caught significantly more mosquitoes than did the MM-Liberty trap. All traps captured primarily Cx. salinarius Coquillett, Cx. erraticus (Dyar and Knab), and Anopheles crucians Wiedemann. The horse attracted a greater percentage of Ma. titillans and less Cx. erraticus than did the mechanical traps. The mechanical traps may offer horses some degree of protection from suspected WNV species, however, a large number of Ma. titillans were recovered from the horse but the traps captured very few. 25 Nov, 2021 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-7-196.php The present study on Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) in dogs was aimed to record the incidence, risk factors, and clinical findings. Dogs irrespective of age, breed, sex with history, and clinical manifestations suggestive of CKD were selected and subjected to physical examination, urinalysis, hematology, and serum biochemistry. Based on these parameters twenty-nine dogs were identified as suffering from CKD and were classified into stage I, stage II, stage III, and stage IV as per the International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) staging system for CKD. Serum biochemistry revealed a significant increase in levels of serum creatinine, BUN, and cholesterol when compared to healthy controls. In conclusion, the prevalence of CKD in dogs was 2.5% and the article discussed the clinical and hemato-biochemical changes in CKD. 24 Nov, 2021 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-7-195.php Ticks are one of the best known groups of ecto parasites, which affect the cattle production and productivity either by transmitting different tick borne disease or by affecting health of cattle and as well as the quality of hides. Cross-sectional study design was implemented with the objective to estimate the prevalence of tick infestation and to identify the type tick of cattle in and around Honkola-Wabe woreda of Arsi zone of Oromia regional state, from January 2021 to August 2021. 400 cattle (local and cross breed) were selected using simple random sampling from four randomly selected kebeles; and examined for tick infestation and adult tick were collected for tick identification. From these 292(73%) of the animals were infested with different tick species and 108 (27%) of them were free of tick infestation. The highest number of cattle was infested with Amblyomma 160 (40%) followed by Boophilus 71(18%), Rhipicephalus 48 (12%) and Hyalomma 12(3%). There were significant statistically difference between tick infestation prevalence among different factors like breed, age, and sex and body conditions scored. For example, the prevalence rate of tick infested cattle were higher in cross breeds (79.4%) than in local breeds (69.5 %) (χ2=4.57; p=0.033). The result of the current study fills the information gap on prevalence of tick infected cattle of different breeds found in Honkola Wabe area. Tick, therefore, can lead to highly damage the national economic. Thus, in order to provide effective control of tick infestation systematic intervention approach could be implemented that will reduced chance of tick infestation of cattle and thereby improve cattle production. 28 Oct, 2021 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-7-194.php Vaccination is one of the most efficient tools for protection against clinical disease of livestock and reduces the rate of spread of infection. The study was conducted using secondary data that recorded at Lemu and Bilbilo Woreda veterinary clinic with the objective to assess the vaccination coverage in the study area from March to September 2021. Results revealed the most commonly practiced vaccine were bacterial and viral diseases from secondary data recorded were Lumpy skin disease, Black leg, Pasteurellosis, New castle, Gumboro disease, chicken pox, Fowl pox, and Fowl Cholera. The percentage of vaccine coverage for lumpy skin disease decreases from a year 2017 (51.1%) to 2021(24%). The majority of Goat (96.7%) was vaccinated against goat pox during 2017 and the 0% Anthrax vaccine for Goat in 2021. Only 7.3% sheep in 2017 and near 37.4% in 2021 were vaccinated with sheep pox from total population. About 87.4% of equines were vaccinated from total population in 2017. The proportion of Newcastle disease and Gumboro disease vaccine coverage were 35% and 15.4%, respectively. Dog vaccination against rabies is increases from a year 2017 (4.8%) to 2020 (11%) in except 0.5% in 2021. The vaccine trends were fluctuating and/or decreasing from year to year. However, vaccine trend for Anthrax of cattle was increasing from year to year. It is therefore, suggested that implementation of planed and regularly vaccination of animal was very important for diseases control and prevention are recommended in order to decrease disease reoccurrence in the area. 22 Oct, 2021 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-7-193.php Genetic differences have been suggested as a possible cause for variation in responses to exogenous hormones. Here we evaluated the effect of follicle ablation, exogenous FSH and coasting time prior to ovum pick-up (OPU) on the number of follicles suitable for aspiration, oocyte quality, and cleavage rate in Ethiopian Boran cows. The experiment was carried out in three parts, I) Cows were synchronized using 500µg PGF2α given 11 days apart. Cows were then subjected to a biweekly ovum pickup session before ovulation (n=5) or starting Day 7 after ovulation (n=4) for three weeks. II) Cows were similarly synchronized and all visible follicles were ablated on the first days of overt estrus which were then further grouped into cows that received a divided dose of 350IU FSH (n=5) or 175IU FSH (n=5) over three days. In both groups OPU was carried out weekly starting 48h after the last FSH for six weeks. III) A similar protocol as in part II was carried out but coasting period was increased to 72hrs for cows that received 350IU FSH as divided dose (n=5) and 48hrs coasting period for single 350IU FSH dose (n=5). The covariates of follicles and oocyte were not affected (P>0.05) by corpus luteum presence at OPU. The mean number of medium (7.36±0.57) and large (8.28±0.96) follicles were significantly higher (P&lt;0.05) in group that received divided 350IU FSH. Similarly, the mean number of Grade-1 (4.19±0.24) and Grade-2 (4.32±.27) COC, maturation rate (70.41%) and cleavage rate (47.5%) were significantly higher (P&lt;0.05) in group that received 350IU FSH. COC quality was significantly (P&lt;0.05) influenced by costing period. However, both maturation and cleavage rates were not affected by the coasting period. This study demonstrated that follicular ablation and treatment with FSH improves follicular population and oocyte recovery rate in Boran cows. 20 Oct, 2021 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-7-192.php Coenurosis is an important parasitic disease affecting small ruminant’s production which causes significant economic losses. A cross-sectional study was carried out from November, 2019 to May, 2020. To estimating the prevalence of coenurosis in small ruminants and determines the risk factors, to assess the community knowledge on the epidemiology of coenurosis and estimate the financial loss due to brain condemnation. A total 674 small ruminants were by a simple random sampling procedure. Data was analyzed using STATA version 11. Chi square test and logistic regression analysis were used to determine the association between prevalence of coenurosis and potential risk factors. From the total 512 goat and 162 sheep examined for coenurosis 6.02% and 8.6% were found positive respectively. There was significance difference between the risk factors and coenurosis infection. More coenurosis infected small ruminants were found in highland 9.7% (Odd ratio= 2.31, 95% Confidence Interval: 1.14, 4.64; P=0.017) than midland and lowland. There was high prevalence of coenurois in adult than young age of small ruminants. From 45 positive cysts were examined to identify fertility and viability by using cyst viability and fertility procedure, 17.8% calcified, 68.9% sterile and 13.3 % fertile. The diameter of positive cysts showed 46.7%, 42.3%, 11% small, medium and large respectively. From 100 respondents’ 86% of respondents has agreed on the sign of coenurosis, 14% has not agreed. The annual financial losses due to brain condemnation were estimated at 124,821 dollar. 29 Sep, 2021 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-7-191.php This trial was aimed to study the effects of replacing wheat bran with different levels of Zornia glochidiata meal on feed intake, general performance of Desert lambs and feeding cost decreasing. Twelve lambs of four months old and weighing 19.500 kg +500g were divided into three groups each with four animals. Feed intake and body weight change were monitored every ten days up to fifty days. The data were statistically analyzed via analysis of variance and the differences among means were detected least significance (LSD) test. The results indicated that voluntary dry matter intake significantly (P&lt;0.05) increased in the group that consumed a ration with 26% Zornia glochidiata meal (II) followed by those were on a ration with wheat bran only (I) and lastly that had a ration with 42% Z. glochidiata (III). Feed intake was 1090, 970 and 910 for group II, I and III, respectively. Similarly body weight gain was significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher in group II, (6.1kg/50 days) followed by group I (4.9 kg/50 days) and group III with 4.3 kg/50 days. The daily weight gain was 98, 122, 89 g when the lambs consumed rations with 0.00, 26 and 42 % of Z. glochidiata meal, respectively. The cost of kilogram of the first ration was 6.8 SDG when only wheat bran was used, and it decreased to 5.7 SDG when 26% wheat was replaced by Z. glochidiata meal and when Z. glochidiata meal was increased to 41% the cost was further decreased to 5 SDG. 29 Sep, 2021 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-7-190.php This study was designed to determine the effects of deep litter floor and battery cages housing system on layer feed consumption and egg production rate. Thirty two commercial hybrid layers (hyline) of 10 months production age were randomly selected and distributed equally in four deep litter ground cages, and thirty (hyline) layers were kept in battery cages, which consisted of triple deck cages, provided with automatic nipple watering system and front trough feeders. During the experimental period there were slight changes in live body weight, it was about -0.01 kg in deep litter and about 0.04 kg in battery cages system. Layers housed in deep litter system significantly consumed more feed compared to that kept in battery cages except at first week, and best averages of feed conversion ratios were calculated for layers housed in deep litter than that kept in battery cages, differences were significant for second, third, fourth and fifth weeks of experimental period. Egg production rate were significantly different in layers housed in deep litter system through the production period except the first weeks. 24 Sep, 2021 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-7-189.php This trial was designed to study the effect of intake of ailanto (Ailanthus excelsa) fodder on dry matter intake, nutrients digestibility and performance of Sudanese Desert lambs. Twelve heads of lambs, six months old and weighing (17+ 0.37) kg were divided into three groups with four heads each. They were vaccinated and dosed with broad-spectrum antihelmentics (ivermectin) for treatment against internal and external parasites and ear- tagged to facilitate identification during treatments. The Ailanthus excelsa, fodder, groundnut haulms and the natural grazing was fed to group I, II and III, respectively. Water was provided continuously and feed intake was monitored daily. The feed samples were analyzed and apparent nutrients digestibility was determined by total feces collection method. This complete randomized design data was analyzed via analysis of variance and differences among means were detected using Least Significant Difference test (LSD). Feed intake was significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher for group 1 followed by the group on groundnut haulms and finally the group on the natural grazing where the amounts consumed was 865.90, 850 and 800 grams per day. Dry matter digestibility was the highest in the group on Ailanthus excelsa fodder, followed by groundnut haulms ​​and the lowest for those on natural grazing where DMD was 75.67, 67.45, and 56.45%, organic matter digestibility 78.61, 69.65 and 57.55%. Body weight changes indicated that they were higher in the Ailanthus excelsa fodder group and then in the groundnut haulms group and lower in the natural grazing group. The highest daily weight gain (60 grams) was obtained when animals fed on Ailanthus excelsa fodder compared to 45 grams and 40 grams a day for the group fed groundnut haulms and natural grazing, respectively. 22 Sep, 2021 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-7-188.php This review mainly focuses on the epidemiological characteristics of respiratory diseases, abortions, perinatal mortalities and neurological diseases in horses caused by EHV-1 and EHV-4. There are several sources of EHV-1 and EHV-4 which are transmitted by different routes. The latency and reactivation of EHV-1 and EHV-4 play an important role in the persistence of infection with these viruses in the equine population. These viruses are major agents in respiratory diseases in horses. Mares and their foals play an important role in the circulation of these viruses on farms. Abortion and perinatal mortality can take the sporadic or epizootic form. Neurological disease is caused primarily by neuropathogenic EHV-1. Combined epizootics of neurological diseases and abortions are common. 17 Sep, 2021 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-7-187.php Tuberculosis (TB) due to Mycobacterium bovis is a wasting disease of animals with severe public health significance. Though widely diagnosed in cattle and the performance of Tuberculin Skin Test (TST) at different cut-off points compared in various environmental conditions, there is dearth of information with respect to TB in goats in Cameroon. This study estimated the prevalence of bovine TB in goats in Benuoe area of Cameroon, based on the performance of TST against detection of tuberculous-like lesions and acid-fast bacilli as gold tests. The study detected goat TB based on tuberculous-like lesions (27.87%), acid-fast bacilli (3.29%); and bovine TB positive reactions (12.28%, 95%CI: 9.19–15.95), (8.95%, 95%CI: 6.31–12.23) and (5.37%, 95%CI: 3.36–8.09) at Single intradermal cervical tuberculin (SICT) ≥2.5mm, ≥3mm, and ≥4mm and (2.30%, 95%CI: 1.06–4.32), (1.79%, 95%CI: 0.72–3.65) and (1.02%, 95%CI: 0.28– 2.60) at Single intradermal comparative cervical tuberculin (SICCT) ≥2mm, ≥3mm, and ≥4mm cut-off points, respectively. SICT and SICCT sensitivity (11.76%) against detection of tuberculous-like lesions was significantly lower [p&lt;0.05] with slight agreements [Kappa=0.161] compared to sensitivity (100%) and perfect agreements [Kappa=1.00] against detection of acid-fast bacilli at these cut-offs. The Bayesian model revealed a goat TB prevalence of 18.41% (95%CI: 11.73–27.00) using SICT and 4.28 (95%CI: 1.26–8.60) using SICCT with the performance characteristic being higher for SICT than SICCT at ≥2mm cut-off. However, two-graph ROC (TG-ROC) analysis revealed that the optimal goat TB diagnosis with SICCT was at ≥2mm cut-off point. Many goat handlers were aware of health hazards of zoonotic TB but ignorant about goat TB and its possible zoonotic transmission to humans. The study reports the first comparative tuberculin skin test of goats in Benoue area of North-Cameroon and confirmed that zoonotic TB is a neglected health and production problem of goats in Cameroon that needs further investigated. 15 Sep, 2021 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-7-186.php The present research work was conducted to investigate the effect of Chelidonium Majus Extract (CME) on growth performance and digestibility in broiler chickens In vivo. 100-day-old chicks were used in study. Distributed in to 4 groups i.e. (A, B, C and D) 25 chicks in each group with 5 replicates. Group A kept as control without supplementation of (CME), group B with 0.5ml/L, group C with 1ml/L and group D with 1.5ml of supplemented with CME. Our findings regarding growth performance showed significantly (P<0>0.05) between all treated groups. morbidity percentage showed significantly (P<0>0.05) difference in all treatment group. Likewise, ash matter was recorded significantly (P&lt;0.05) increased in C and D groups as compared to B and A groups. Furthermore, economically proved that more profitable in group C followed by groups A, B and D. Based on above results, it was concluded that providing Chelidonium majus extracts at the dose of 1 ml/litter had the better impact on growth performance, enhance the digestibility of various nutrients and best for the health aspects of broiler without any adverse effects. 14 Sep, 2021 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-7-185.php Livestock is the most important sector for the economy of Punjab which is performing a vital role in rural livelihoods as a key source of employment for women at the household level. Rural women play a significant role in livestock management activities and this sector is also considered the black gold of Pakistan. The current study was carried out in Bahawalpur, a district of South Punjab, Pakistan to investigate women’s participation and constraints in different livestock management. The primary data were collected by using a multistage random sampling technique from the rural women (n=200) through a well-structured questionnaire. Simple descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. Regarding socioeconomic characteristics majority of the female respondents were middle-aged (44%), married (77%), illiterate (80%) and had almost ~15 years of experience in livestock management. Results revealed that women were owned almost 53% more animals as compared to men, and had possessed animals were mostly cow, calf, goat and sheep. Women’s participation in livestock management was found significantly high by 86% (at p≤0.001) than men, where women had shown higher time allocation for various livestock management activities. It was noticed that major constraints faced by women in the Bahawalpur region for livestock management were the high cost of veterinary services for animal treatment, poor access to training and loan facilities. This study will help in the execution of future policies for rural development in the provision of credit and livestock training facilities for women to encourage their participation in livestock production. 14 Sep, 2021 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-7-184.php The study was conducted in Adami Tulu Jidokombolcha, Bora, Dodola, Shala and Negele-Arsi districts with the objective of assessing cattle breeding practices and the rate of inbreeding. Two hundred forty respondents were identified using random sampling techniques. The study’s results indicated that farmers traditionally use names and ear cuts to identify their local cattle. Body size was ranked as the primary selection criteria for bulls, while reproductive fitness and milk yield traits were primordial selection criteria for cows. Many of the respondents rear bulls for draught purposes, while few of them rear them for breeding purposes. The study indicated that breeding was mostly panmectic as most of the bulls were owned communally. The findings revealed that the majority of respondents were unaware of the negative effects of inbreeding. Most of the respondents practiced culling of unproductive cattle. Poor reproductive fitness and milk yield were frequently used as primary culling criteria for cows, while poor draft power and old age were ranked as prime culling criteria for male cattle. The information generated on farmers’ breeding practices should be used as a baseline for future cattle breeding improvement strategy in the studied and similar areas. 14 Aug, 2021 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-7-183.php Background: Cervico vaginal prolapsed is one of the most common disorders of the reproductive organs at the end of pregnancy and rarely after. Objective: Description of the surgical management of cervico vaginal prolapsed in normal delivery. Animals: Emaciated, local breed cow that was kept under an extensive management system. Study design: Case report Study methods: Patient history and clinical findings, diagnosis, treatment Outcomes: After frequent follow up and well provision of post operative care, the patient was recovered. Conclusion: Cervical-vaginal prolapsed can lead to infertility and sterility unless it is treated early, before it worsens. The use of sterile rectangular plastic material to prevent recurrence on the bilateral sides of the vulvar lips together with adequate sutures appears promising and is highly recommended for similar cases. 20 Jul, 2021 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-7-182.php Sango Virus (SANV) is a member of the Simbu serogroup within the order Bunyavirales, family Peribunyaviridae, genus Orthobunyavirus. In the end of October, 2019, two SANV virus were identified and isolated from sera sampled from two symptomatic cows, which manifested fever, milk reduction and diarrhea. Two viruses were isolated in Vero cells. Full genome sequencing of these virus isolates was performed. Genetic and phylogenetic analyses of Israeli SANV strains showed their very close relationship. However, they have significant difference in all three genome segments with a sole known isolated Nigerian SANV Ib An 5077 strain. 01 Jul, 2021 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-7-181.php The study aimed to provide the appropriate level of Acacia Saligna (AS) for ram supplementation that enhances their reproductive performance without compromising carcass and sensory qualities. Sixteen rams with an average initial live body weight of 21.98±1.84kg were fed ad-libitum grass hay and 200 g/d Wheat Bran (WB) with treatment diet; T1: 100; T2: 200; T3: 300; and T4: 400 g/d of air-dried AS leaves. Rams assigned on T4 had 11% and 6% higher DMI than T1 and T2, respectively, and got 5.5%, 3%, and 1.5% more CP than T1, T2, and T3, respectively. Higher impact of AS supplementation observed on development of reproductive organ on T4 than T1. The T4 rams also produced 14%, 7%, and 7.5% more semen volume and 2.5%, 2%, and 1% live sperm cell count than T1, T2, and T3 rams, respectively without jeopardizing semen quality. Furthermore, increasement of AS improved the libido and spermatozoa motility of the rams. Supplementation of AS did not produce a difference in slaughter weight, empty body weight, carcass weight, dressing percentage, and sensory quality of the rams. However, edible offal and usable product of T4 were higher than T1. The liver and kidney the most important organs were heavier in T4 than T1 rams. Hence, smallholder farmers can supplement dried AS with WB as an alternative supplement to improve the breeding efficiency of rams and produce quality meat. 01 Jul, 2021 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-7-180.php Car accidents are the main cause of death among wild birds in Brazil, especially in those with terrestrial habits, such as the red-legged seriema (Cariama cristata). These accidents keep increasing because of urbanization, making it important to present new treatments than can help decrease the number of deaths and bring welfare to the animal. In this case report, a wild red-legged seriema was found hurt nearby a driveway. Radiographs showed a multi-fragmentary fracture between proximal and medium thirds of the tibiotarsus. The fracture was successfully repaired with an intramedullary pin and a reconstruction plate, which are less likely to result in muscular atrophy and do not require a second surgical intervention as the external fixators do. In conclusion, this case report shows that an association of a Steinman intramedullary pin and a reconstruction plate can be a less disturbing yet sill effective option to treat multi-fragmentary fractures in free-living birds, especially long-legged ones. 15 Jun, 2021 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-7-179.php Hazard Analysis and critical Control Point system is a preventive tool for assuring the safe and sound manufacturing of foods products. It’s based totally on common utility of technical and scientific standards to a meat manufacturing process. HACCP application offers with manipulate of things affecting the meat product and process. It’s a hazard control mechanism wherein foods protection is addressed via the evaluation and manipulates of biological, chemical and physical dangers from within the complete meat manufacturing process. With respect to hygienic manipulate in Ethiopia, all of the prevailing export slaughterhouses have centers for shoats, however centers for livestock are restrained and there is not always hygienic manipulate within the non-export abattoir. There’s little to no class of carcass best and protection, and consequently little class of economic better of Ethiopia’s meat products. There is not any device of grading or naming meat. Throughout the slaughter, the animals are discovered expressing stress-associated behaviors, such consistent water and blood waft became tough and will be discovered as a hygiene problem. There’s little facts approximately legal guidelines and rules regarding foods protection in Ethiopia. Therefore, from this review, it has been advocated that authorities’ organs responsible for foods protection through preparing and imposing foods protection standard, legal guidelines and rules within the whole slaughtering plant. And as vocalization, head swings, and transferring forward. The environment within the slaughter corridor is demanding for livestock with excessive quantity and lots more and plenty of pastime through persons and animals within the course of slaughter, using moist and slippery flooring due to HACCP standards should additionally be implemented within the layout and implementation of hygiene measures at some stage within the whole foods chain. 04 Jun, 2021 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-7-178.php The purpose of this experiment is to study the bactericidal effects of organic acids in a short time on Escherichia coli in order to screen the best organic acid disinfectants for slaughterhouse. Lactic acid, malic acid and citric acid that conform to the standards of food additives were selected, and the sterilization effect of different concentrations of organic acids on Escherichia coli was determined by quantitative sterilization test at different times. At same time, the combined (organic acids and plus surfactants) disinfection effect was compared. The test results show that lactic acid has the best bactericidal effect on E. coli, 3% lactic acid can achieve complete bactericidal effect under 0.5min action time; 0.5% lactic acid combined with 50ppm SDS can achieve complete bactericidal under 0.5min action time. Combined with the resultof 540C acceleration test and the result of organic interference test, combined disinfection was applicated in slaughterhouse. The results showed that the disinfectant had good bactericidal effect and reduced cross-contamination. In brief, the organic acids have good bactericidal effect and have a good market application in the future. 06 Apr, 2021 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-7-177.php Listeriosis is a widespread zoonotic disease that becomes an important source of food borne infections all over the world. Mostly it affects cattle herd, sheep and goat flocks. The objective of the research was to estimate prevalence of Listeriosis in Ethiopia and to provide the distribution of the disease at national level. The meta-analysis was conducted to collect the information and to provide a pooled prevalence estimate at national level and identify potential predictors. The secondary data were searched from Published research and review written by English language during the period between October, 2000 and June 2018. The publications were selected based on inclusive and exclusion criteria for data extraction and analysis by Meta-Analysis Software Relevant animal level data on 1460 was collected from 14 published manuscripts and one master’s thesis resulting conformed to predefined criteria. The dataset was analyzed using a meta-analytical technique. The pooled prevalence assessed computed for listeriosis problem was 23.9% with confidence interval of 17.6, 30.2. Among the predictors considered for heterogeneity analysis only sample size and listeriosis the prevalence was showed to decrease with increasing sample size. This study showed occurrence of animal listeriosis at national level. Thus, approach used to know the prevalence of the disease at national level. 23 Mar, 2021 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-7-176.php Background: Weaning of mammalian progeny is associated with a change in body shape and physical characteristics. It programs growth, body composition, and the tempo of physiological development and maturation, as well as litter size and parity and, thereby, reproductive strategy. Methods: To evaluate the effects of weaning age on morphological and histological changes that occur in a rats’ testis, we assessed testis size weekly and histomorphometry in 30 days old pups, and 90 days old mature rats that had been weaned early (d16), normally (d21), or late (d26). Results: Early weaning resulted in large testes at age 30 days and beyond, a wide seminiferous tubule wall, and the ratio of blood vessel to the stroma was bigger than in late weaned animals. At age 90 days, and the next generation the litter size of early-weaned rats was bigger than those weaned on days 26 or 21. Conclusions: Early weaning significantly enhances the testes’ size, vasculature, and seminiferous tubular walls, and enhances the liter size compared to late weaning. 03 Mar, 2021 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-7-175.php The study was carried out, in Illubaboral zone of Oromia regional at western part of Ethiopia in Bedelle municipal abattoir from November 2010 to the end of March 2011, in order to determine the prevalence of liver fluke, the species of liver fluke and to compare the diagnostic efficiency of fecal and post mortem examination. Out of 384 livers and fecal samples examined 93(24.21%) and 74(19.27%) were positive of fasciolosis respectively. The most common liver fluke species affecting the cattle was Fasciola gigantica 52(13.54%) cattle were infected with Fasciola gigantica while, Fasciola hepatica were present in 31(8.07%) cattle and 10(2.6%) were mixed infection. There was a strong relationship between fecal examination and post mortem examination of liver lesions, but under local condition post mortem examination was considered a better diagnostic tool for fasciolosis. This study showed that there is no significant association (p>0.05) between the prevalence of age, body condition and origin of animal, but there is a significance difference (p&lt;0.05) in prevalence of fasciola hepatica, between origin of animals. 11 Feb, 2021 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-7-174.php 18 Jan, 2021 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-7-173.php One Health is a holistic approach for investigation as well as for the control of human, animal, and environmental health problems. It comes with a multisectoral approach for the multifactor health problems and this made it to be more advocated. One Health is advocated in different regards like progressing a One Health approach to encourage health at the human-animal-environment interface, protecting the vulnerable population, and tackling inequalities, progressing research development for human and animal health, and the like. One Health is ideally much palatable but its practical implementation was not as simple as that. Some of the reasons for the failure of practical implementation of the One Health approach are the silos,i.e, siloed thinking, silos in education, siloed funding, as well as one’s commercial interest, lack of communication among different relevant sectors, lack of trust of one on another and so on. 23 Dec, 2020 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-6-172.php Moringa Oleifera Lam. is a tree native to the Indian subcontinent and has been naturalized in various tropical and subtropical areas around the world. The fresh leaves, flowers and pods are consumed for human feeding, while may also use in livestock feeding. Many researchers evaluated the effects of using Moringa Oleifera parts as additive to farm animals feed on feed intake, and digestibility and found that it may had positive effects on them. The main goal of this experiment was to appraise the effects of using Moringa seeds as a feed additive on growth performance, body measurements and blood biochemistry of fattened Barki sheep. Thirty 5-months old male Barki lambs were choosed randomly from the fattening research herd of Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University for this study. Lambs had 25.3+0.9 kg average initial live weight were involved in two groups each of 15 heads and fed according to NRC 2001. The first group (control) fed on concentrate commercial mixture (14% total protein and 65% total digestible nutrient) with no Moringa seed meal added. The second group (MSM) fed the same concentrate mixture supplemented with 4 g of Moringa seed per day/head. Lambs body weights were recorded at the beginning of the trial, and then every 15-days throughout the experiment which lasted 45 days. Similarly, measures of body length, height at wither, chest girth and round circumference were recorded along with body weights. The average final body weight of control lambs (31.5+1.6 kg) was less (P &lt; 0.001) than that of MSM group (34.5+1.4 kg), similarly the daily gain was significantly more (P &lt; 0.05) with MSM group ( 0.276+0.1 g) than control group (0.138+ 0.1 g). The corresponding body measurements were not significantly different in control than MSM group. The supplement to diet of lamb fattened lambs increased total protein concentration in the blood (5.63±0.16 mg/dL) (P = 0.01) compared to the control (5.15±0.08mg/dL). Also, all components of blood serum which were within the normal range, indicating that it is safe to use Moringa seeds. 17 Dec, 2020 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-6-171.php Fascioliasis is the most important parasitic disease that affects humans and animals all over the world. Triclabendazole (TCBZ) is the most common drug used for the treatment of fasciolosis. This study was conducted in Bonga Sheep Breeding and Improvement Center, Kefa Zone, Ethiopia to evaluate the efficacy of Triclabendazole against Fasciola species (Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica) in naturally infected sheep. An experimental study design and purposive sampling procedure were employed from the source of sheep population. The study included 20 Bonga sheep breed naturally infected with Fasciola species and purposively selected based on their clinical signs, symptoms and faecal egg counts. Twenty (20) sheep of 2-4 years old, irrespective of sex, infested with Fasciola species were selected for this experiment and randomly divided into two equal groups (treatment and control group, n=10) each consisted of 10 sheep. Faecal samples were collected from each sheep before and after treatment. McMaster method was used to count faecal eggs. The efficacy of Triclabendazole was determined by Faecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT). Descriptive statistics (means, standard error of mean and reduction percentages) were calculated to manage data. The percentage reduction in mean faecal egg count, after 14 and 21 days of treatment for Triclabendazole were 96.51% and 97.18%, respectively. Generally, this finding indicated that Triclabendazole was found effective against Fasciola species in the study area. However, appropriate use of this anthelmintic is credible to prevent future occurrence of resistance. 11 Dec, 2020 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-6-170.php The study was conducted in mid-rift valley of Oromia Regional State of Ethiopia with objective to assess traditional cattle breeding objectives and their production constraints. Adami Tulu Jidokombolcha (ATJK), Bora, Dodola, Shala and Negele-Arsi were purposely selected from East Shoa and West Arsi Zones which found in the Oromia Region. The two hundred forty respondents were selected based on random sampling procedures. The main of age and family size of the respondents were 43.1 years and 8.9, respectively. Survey result revealed that family size were higher in Shala where the poly marriage practice was more common than others districts. Cattle population per house hold were higher in Shala while sheep population were higher in Dodola and Bora districts. Goat size were higher in Negele-Arsi, ATJK and Shala districts. Furthermore, finding showed that farmers were reared cattle mainly for draft, milk, risk aversion and income source. The survey result indicated that feed shortage, water scarcity, disease and shortage of improved genotype were the major cattle production constraints in the studied districts. However water shortage was not secondarily critical in Dodola district. Forage improvement, water conservation, disease prevention and improving genetic potential of cattle is needed to solve the main livestock production constraint to improve the livelihood of small holder farmers. 10 Dec, 2020 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-6-169.php Parasites are a major cause of disease of man and domestic animals. More than half the human population lives in misery and pain and suffers vast economic losses due to parasites. Protozoa are ubiquitous throughout aqueous environments and the soil, and play an important role in their ecology. Optimal recovery and microscopic identification of protozoa from patients with intestinal infections is dependent on proper collection and preservation of fecal specimens. The most reliable way to diagnose a parasitic infection is by detection and identification of the infecting organism. All methods for the direct identification of parasites fail if the parasite density in the specimen is below the sensitivity of the method employed, or if the parasite cannot be directly demonstrated due to the life cycle in the host. In such cases indirect methods must be used. Ideally, serology should allow differentiation between recent and latent infections and should be able to demonstrate whether an animal is carriers as well as the elimination of the parasite after therapeutic measures have been applied. 01 Dec, 2020 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-6-168.php Cysticercus pisiformis is larval forms of Taenia pisiformis tapeworm. t has been observed in rabbits that are considered the intermediate host. In this study Cysticercus pisiformis was observed in domestic rabbits at routine necropsy examination. Cysticercus pisiformis was observed in 23 (76.7) out of 30 (23.3%) of domestic rabbits of both sexes was 2 months – 2 years old. the Parasites were observed only in July2018 and February 2020. After noticing the changes in the shape of the liver, which appeared in white to cream cysts were ranging from 3– 8 mm in diameter and varying in sizes, The aim of this study was to identify, which is the causative of these changes in the liver and the nature of cysts developing around the stomach and what organisms belong to them, as well as the preparation of tissue sections of the liver to study histopathological changes. Our results revealed, several cysts were found around the stomach and viscera. morphological form of these cysts depicted the presence of Cysticercus pisiformis of Taenia pisiformis and the larval stage was also seen moving near the diaphragm. Gross and histopathological examination revealed that liver was the most severely affected organ. Varying degrees of focal necrosis, hepatocellular degeneration, inflammation associated with viable and degenerated cysts were observed in the liver. Degenerated cysts revealed varying degrees of dystrophic calcification. Our results revealed, (23) were infected (76.6%) of Cysticercus pisiformis of adult parasite Taenia pisiformis it is the first report in Hajjah / Yemen. 18 Nov, 2020 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-6-167.php Listeriosis is an important food borne bacterial disease for both human and animals. The objective of the paper was to review the Epidemiology of listeria in animal and human in Ethiopia. From the studies conducted in different area of the country 7 species of Listeria were reported namely: L. monocytogenes, L. innocua, L. welshimeri, L. seeligeri, and L. ivanovii, and L. grayi, L. welshimeri. Among those species L. monocytogenes is the most species that is zonootic for both humans and animals. Occasionally L. seeligeri, L. ivanovii are affected animals and humans. The overall prevalence of the listeriosis was reported in the country: 3.8%, 14%, 20%, 20.8%, 24.2%, 25, 26.1, 26.6%, 27.5%, 28.4%, 32.6%, 32.9% and 42.9% respectively. The most common source of infection: human feces, animal feces, aborted fetus, soil, both farm and surface water troughs, animals feed and the walls. The main Reservoir, risk factors for distribution of the disease are forage, water, mud, silage and host, management, pathogenic risk factors respectively. Pregnant women and their fetuses, newborn babies, the elderly and immunocompromised individuals are the people at risk for the disease. The major clinical forms of listeria in cattle are encephalitis, abortion, endocarditics, conjunctivitis, metrits and meningitis. The ways to control of disease in foods relies largely on Hazard analysis critical point approach and the establishment of effective critical control points in food industry. The preparation of silage should be made for good quality, with early cutting of grass, reduce contamination with soil and ensuring optimal anaerobic fermentation, which will insure that the pH falls below 5 levels for inhibited growth of Listeria species. They must be improving hygienic management for animals and health educations for peoples about the disease for reduce infection. 18 Nov, 2020 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-6-166.php Bovine parasitic zoonoses have emerged from time to time and public health threat in developing countrieswhere eating of raw meat and improper disposal of condemned are practiced. However, there is a limited prevention and control strategy of the diseases including North Shewa Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia because of negligence. Moreover, there is a paucity of information regarding Bovine parasitic zoonosis in the areas. Hence, the current study was designed from October, 2019 to July, 2020 to determine major Bovine parasitic zoonoses at selected Municipals Abattoirs (Fitche, Kuyu and Shararo) of North Shewa zone, Oromia, Ethiopia.Purposive sampling technique was used to study Abattoirs whereas; simple random sampling was used to select study participants. Anti-mortem and post-mortem inspection were applied by using standard producers. Primary and qualitative data were used in this study. Out of 384 inspected cattle, 218 (56.8%) animals were condemned its organs during postmortem inspection. Among those 195(50.8%), 402 (52.3%), 11 (2.9%) and 16 (2.1%) animals’ liver, lungs, heart and kidneys were condemned, respectively. The prevalence of Fasciolosis, Hydatidiosis and bovis Cysticercosis were found to be 52.3%, 27.2% and 2.90%, respectively. Among associated risk factors, poor body conditioned animals were the most susceptible (95.4%) as compared to medium (86.9%) and good (35.3%) in which body condition animals with statistically significant (p<0>0.05). The study concluded that bovine parasitic zoonoses were the major public health problems in the study areas. Thus, community health education is urgently needed creation responsible bodies including Salale University. Moreover, further studies will be conducted in other municipal abattoirs in this zone. 19 Oct, 2020 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-6-165.php Calf diarrhoea, commonly occur in cattle herds, impacting on the economic viability of cattle operations. A total of 72 calves under 6-months of age, 38 exotic breeds (50% Holstein-Friesian X 25% Jersey X 25% Ogaden) from a dairy farm and 34 local breeds from the Veterinary Clinic, were studied. The secondary data on calf management and impact of calf diarrhoea were collected from the dairy farm, veterinary clinic and subsistence smallholder’s dairy farms. Faeces samples were collected from all calves in a sterile container, kept in an ice-cold condition and cultured in the time period of 24 hours. Nearly 49% of the faecal samples were positive for Escherichia coli. E. coli O157 Latex Plate Agglutination test revealed 4.2% and 8.3% prevalence in exotic and local breeds, respectively. Herd size, age group, weaning age were found to be significantly associated (p&lt; 0.05) with the occurrence of E. coli. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested using agar disk diffusion method, and it was found that E. coli possessed resistance to ampicillin, erythromycin, vancomycin and penicillin. In contrast, amoxicillin, sulphamethoxazole, streptomycin, kanamycin, ciprofloxacin and tetracycline were effective against E. coli. 21 Sep, 2020 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-6-163.php This study identifies the main determinants of milk production in Northwestern and Western zone of Tigray region using both secondary and primary data sources collected through survey, KII and FGD. The cross-sectional data type has collected during 2018 from 309 smallholder dairy cattle keeper farmers randomly selected following multistage sampling technique. It has so found that the average milk yield obtained per cow per day was 2.53 and 3.3 3Lt; milked for the average number of 27 and 26 days per month for the average number of 6.3 and 6.4 months. So that the total produced amount of milk was 1166.25Lt and 2291.29Lt per household, respectively for Tahtay adiyabo and Kafta humera districts. Applying multiple linear regression analysis, the major determinants of milk yield in Tahtay adiyabo district are; number of months that collected/concentrated feed has provided for dairy cows, education level of the household head, place where milk has sold and loan obtained especially for dairy production. These variables have positive and significant relationship. While, variables such as distance of cattle farm from local market, total family size and marital status of the household head has significant and negative relationship. Similarly, in Kafta humera district the determinant factors are; number of months that collected feed provided, occurrence of cattle pests and diseases, education level of household head and experience in cattle rearing has significant and positive relationship. While, variables such as sex of the household head, distance of water source that dairy cattle travel and extension contact in livestock production has significant and negative relationship with milk yield obtained. Based on these findings this study recommends that, capacity building; organizing smallholder farmers by nearby and establish functional milk and its product supplying cooperatives. It is also important that dairy cows should provide concentrated and collected feed; introduction of improved forages with intensive protection from cattle diseases and pests as well as improving access to drinking water source in nearby are important. 07 Sep, 2020 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-6-162.php The use of a combination of dissociative anesthetics and alpha-2-agonists for chronic experiments in laboratory animals is advisable in the case of studying the functions of the limbic system. This requires the development of a protocol for withdrawing animals from this anesthesia, since frequent anesthesia leads to damage to organs and tissues, the need to increase the dose with frequent use of anesthesia, and distortion of the research results. This article provides recommendations for the elimination of chronic xylazine-Zoletil® anesthesia, including pharmacological therapy and additional care measures for experimental animals (based on a comparative analysis of changes in respiration on a pneumogram, the nature of dysfunctions during the period of anesthesia and the mortality rate of animals that were or did not use measures to withdraw from anesthesia). 05 Sep, 2020 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-6-161.php This study was initiated to explore the impact of Gibe III dam on the situation of livestock diseases with emphasis on trypanosomosis in upstream and downstream districts. Focus group discussions with 15 groups each with 6-20 members were conducted using participatory research approach. Data were collected through simple ranking, proportional piling and matrix scoring. Level of agreement among groups analyzed was determined by Kendell’s coefficient concordance (W). Proportional piling revealed that bovine trypanosomosis ranked first followed by blackleg and anthrax. Study participants identified livestock diseases by name and described the most salient features of each disease. Community perception on clinical signs, disease transmission, seasonality, of tsetse vectors, socio-economic impacts, control methods commonly of trypanosomosis was in a good agreement (W > 0.38***; p&lt;0.001). Livestock disease outbreaks and the challenge from tsetse and trypanosomosis were perceived significantly reduced after dam construction in the upstream villages whereas dam construction and the artificial lake created thereof had little impact on the situation of trypanosomosis and the tsetse population in the downstream villages along the Omo river. Therefore, any tsetse and trypanosomosis control program should take into account the basic differences in the two sites and accordingly provide customized services. 02 Jul, 2020 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-6-160.php Haemoparasitisms in animals are known to impose substantial economic burdens on owners. In Nigeria, most laboratories utilize only Light Microscopy (LM) for their diagnosis. Hence there is a need to have an update assessment of haemoparasitism of goat in Nigeria using molecular investigation. Using LM, blood samples from a total of 173 goats in Ibadan were screened for haemoparasites and haemocytopathological evaluation. Among them, 126 blood samples were randomly selected and PCR tested for the 18S rRNA gene of Babesia/Theileria spp (B/T) and the 16S rRNA gene of Anaplasma/Ehrlichia spp (A/E), while 91 samples were evaluated for the 16S RNA of hemotropic mycoplasma (hemoplasma). Relationship between the haematological changes and PCR results was evaluated. 11 Jun, 2020 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-6-159.php In Ethiopia, tuberculosis (TB) is one of the major infectious diseases with wide spread geographic distribution and endemic nature, which has been well documented both in human and livestock of the country. TB in livestock has an important economic and public health significance although the actual prevalence of animal tuberculosis at the national level is yet unknown. Identification of the etiology of tuberculosis in human and different species of livestock has a paramount significance in order to understand the transmission pattern, the pathogenesis, and control of the diseases. So far, detection of animal TB in Ethiopia has been carried out most commonly on the basis of tuberculin skin testing, abattoir meat inspection and very rarely on bacteriological techniques. These diagnostic methods can not differentiate the specific species of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex or other species /strains of Mycobacterium, hence utilization of advanced molecular techniques to characterize and genotype the causative agents is important. Genotyping of Mycobaterium species allows understanding the genetic diversity, transmission dynamics and evolutionary/phylogenic  relationships of the isolates in different hosts of animal and human. The aim of this paper is, therefore, to review molecular genetic diversity and distribution of mycobacterial infection due to M.tuberculosis complex (mainly M.bovis, M.tuberculosis) and non-tuberculous mycobacterium in Ethiopia in addition to highlighting the zoonotic significance of mycobacterial species originated from livestock and to show the feasible prevention and control options of tuberculosis in cattle and other animals. 10 Jun, 2020 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-6-158.php The reproductive status of a recipient cow is among the factors that influence the success of embryo transfer in bovine. The study was carried out on a total of 276 cows from 25 dairy farms classified as large (>20 cows), medium (10-20 cows) and small scale (1-10 cows) dairy production system. Data were collected through personal interviews of owners, from an individual animal record and gynecological evaluation of animals. Accordingly, the overall mean (±SD) of AFC, CI, LL, DMY, and NSPC were 30.07±2.17 months, 13.33±2.84 months, 9.08±1.10 months, 14.33±4.59 liters/day and 1.59±1.02, respectively. Milk yield and body condition did not have a significant effect on NSPC (P > 0.05) whereas parity significantly influenced NSPC, with cows in parity 3 showing the lowest NSPC (p&lt;0.05). 10 Jun, 2020 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-6-157.php In the pastoral areas of Ethiopia, camel is the spine for their everyday life and extraordinarily adjusted to cruel condition. In Ethiopia, camels are for the most part raised in Afar, Somali, and Oromia (Borena, Kereyu and Guji). The pastoral community utilized camel products, such as milk and meat, and they used camels for various purposes for example, for transportation, draft, ploughing land, festivity and rivalry as in dashing. In the pastoral areas of Ethiopia, camel milk is accepted as treatment for gastritis, asthmatics, stomach inconvenience, HIV, hamot (kar), tuberculosis, fever, urinary issues and hepatitis. Camels have high contribution in Economic development of the country. In spite of having such like various purposes for pastoral areas, a few ailments influence the wellbeing status of camel. From significant illnesses, tuberculosis is one of the principal, which influence the camel Health and have a zoonotic impact. 04 Jun, 2020 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-6-156.php The demonstration trail was conducted at Tselemti district northwestern zone of Tigray. Main objective of the study was to compare production performance of the Koekoek chicken. A total of 60 female headed households were included in the study. Twenty Koekoek chicks forty-five days old were delivered to each participant farmers. Quantitative data such as age at first laying, average weight of male and female chicken, average weight of eggs, average number of egg laying per year of the chicken and qualitative data farmers point of view was collected. The collected data was analyzed using the descriptive statistics such as mean and percentage. Based on the result, the average weight for male and female Koekoek were recorded 2.65 kg and 1.82 kg, respectively. While the local chickens were gave an average weight of 2.01kg and 1.3 kg both male and female, at twelve months age, respectively. The breeds produce an average egg production of 176.03 and 81.4 hen-1year-1, respectively both the Koekoek and local. The result from farmers response shows, the breeds are promising in most of the attributes such as, age to egg laying and slaughter, egg laying capacity, hatchability and market price of the egg as compared to the local. But farmers raised that the breeds are poor in brooding, resistant to diseases, in escaping from predators and low market preference of the chicken than the local. By giving strong emphasis on the management aspect like housing, vaccination and feeding, the breed is promising to the area. 30 May, 2020 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-6-155.php Prevalence of obesity in dogs has been increasing in the last decade, being the most common form of malnutrition and consequently has increased the appearance of metabolic diseases in this species. The objective of this study is to compare biochemical and endocrine profiles related to insulin resistance between lean and obese canine patients and to find similarities with the human metabolic syndrome. A total of 20 dogs were divided into two groups (lean and obese) of 10 dogs each, evaluating body mass index, HOMA-IR, HOMA-B, insulin, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, HDLc, LDLc, cortisol, T4total and freeT4. The results showed significant increase in BMI, HOMA-IR, insulin, glucose, cholesterol, HDLc, triglycerides and cortisol in obese patients, similar to metabolic syndrome described in humans. 29 May, 2020 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-6-154.php Livestock production in Ethiopia contributes about 16.5% of the national Gross Domestic Product (GDP), 35.6% of the agricultural GDP, 15% of export earnings, and 30% of agricultural employment. The performance of livestock product marketing was poor in the last decade, despite some improvement in recent years, especially in terms of aggressive policy and strategy on export of livestock and livestock products, indicating that the sector is still underexploited. There is need to promote the market-oriented production of milk export. Knowing the common challenges and opportunities are very much important in designing smart livestock and livestock product marketing systems in the country. The common milk processing products market constraints in Ethiopia include lack of clear milk marketing system, factors of culture and religion, inaccessibility of market and lack of transport, seasonal based demand, lack of effective extension service to use newer technologies and practices, lack of market information, lack of holistic intervention and localized markets. Despite these challenges, there are some golden opportunities that increase the milk demand and to some extent increase milk consumption trend. Hence, the need to review this work was to access literatures available regarding milk processing, status, challenges and opportunities in Ethiopia. 26 May, 2020 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-6-153.php A literature-based review was made to assess the applications of GIS in veterinary epidemiology and its relevance in the prevention and control of animal diseases. 20 May, 2020 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-6-152.php Equine reproduction is unique by having long behavioral estrus and variations in ovarial follicular dynamics that made difficulty to standardize breeding time in mares. 16 May, 2020 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-6-151.php The domestic pig originated from the Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa) and its domestication started approximately 9,000 years ago [1]. Asian pig domestication appeared to have occurred mainly in North-eastern India, the Mekong region, and the middle and downstream regions of the Yangtze River [2]. The pig population in India is 8.8 million, which is 1.09% of the world’s pig population of 967.38 million [3]. 13 May, 2020 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-6-150.php Bovine Digital Dermatitis (DD) is an infectious disease causing severe lameness in cattle. The aim of this study was to perform a Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS) and a Gene-Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) to identify candidate genes, instead of an individual Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP), associated with DD traits in beef cattle. Beef cattle (n= 307) were genotyped with the Illumina GGP-HD bovine 150K SNP chip. The M-scores of the cattle over the observation period were used to define the DD traits with different complexities, the distinction between affected (1) and unaffected (0) cattle, regarding the general DD-status (DD AFFECTED), acute disease events (DD ACUTE), visible signs of chronicity (DD CHRONICITY) and proliferation of the skin (DD PROLIFERATION). The gene-set enrichment analysis revealed 30 Gene Ontology (GO) terms associated with the DD AFFECTED trait and 17, 31, and 16 GO terms were associated with DD ACUTE, DD CHRONICITY, and DD PROLIFERATION traits, respectively. By searching the significantly enriched GO terms from the ontology categories, biological process and cellular components, and molecular function, 25 functional genes were identified that were highly involved in cellular and membrane function pertaining to adhesion, migration and proliferation which could contribute to DD traits. These results could provide insight into the genetic framework of this complex trait and disease in beef cattle to aid the development of potential genetic therapies as well as selective breeding strategies to decrease DD prevalence in cattle. 02 Apr, 2020 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-6-149.php This case describes an unusual mortality in a flock of 4000 125-day-age geese fed with Tofu skin waste containing rongalite in a rural farm. Clinical symptoms, necropsy changes and intervention measures taken suggested poisoning of geese. Clinical investigation further confirmed that feeding Tofu skin waste was risk cause. This report is the first investigated case of feeding Tofu skin waste containing rongalite to lead gooses to dead to date, having ruled out acutely contagious diseases with highly pathogenic avian influenza, gosling plague, goose paramyxovirus infection, and avian cholera, as well as poisoning due to the use of insecticide, anticoagulant rodenticides and heavy metals. 05 Feb, 2020 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-6-148.php A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of camel trypanosomosis and assesses its associated risk factors in Arero district, Borena Zone, Oromia region, southern Ethiopia from November 2015 to March 2016. Blood samples were collected from randomly selected 385 camels. Giemsa-stained blood smears and Buffy coat technique were used for the detection of Trypanosomes infection. Out of 385 examined camels, 41 (10.65%) were positive for Trypanosoma evansi. There was statistically significant difference between age groups and trypanosome infection (P<0>4 years (18.12%) followed by 3-4 years (6.98%) and <3>0.05) difference in prevalence between sex and area of studies. 04 Feb, 2020 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-6-147.php Introduction: Mastocytoma Tumors (MCT) represent 16%-21% of all skin cancers in dogs, making it the most common form of cutaneous cancer. Solitary MCT are typically treated with wide surgical excision margins. While effective, MCT excision can cause the release of a large amount of histamine and other cytokines resulting in complications such as systemic shock or anaphylaxis. Treatments such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy have been considered to achieve complete remission. Cryoablation also represents a potential treatment option for MCT. While studies have shown cryoablation to be beneficial for the treatment of numerous cancers in animals and humans, few studies have described the use of cryoablation to treat MCT’s. The limited use of cryoablation is due to a number of factors including a lack of basic information pertaining to dosing (minimal lethal temperature) necessary to destroy MCT cancer. As such, in this study we conducted a series of in vitro studies using the C2 cell line and a pilot ex vivo fine needle aspirate tissue sample in an effort to detail the effects of freezing of canine MCT. 31 Jan, 2020 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-6-146.php A cross-sectional study was conducted in February 2013 by using Comparative Intra-dermal Tuberculin Test (CIDT) in order to determine the prevalence bovine TB and the associated risk factors in Tiyo, Agarfa districts and in Shashemene town of Oromia National Regional State. The study subjects included were crossbred dairy animals, kept under intensive e management systems. A standard questionnaire formats was used to collect information relevant to the age, body condition and the herd size of the animals. Five hundred forty two dairy animals were included in the study. The individual prevalence of BTB was 4.24% and 20.66% at ≥4 mm and ≥2mm cut off value respectively. The herd level prevalence of was found to be 48.9% (95%, CI: 34%-63%). 26 Nov, 2019 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-5-145.php Cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2014 to May 2015 to determine lungworm prevalence, risk factors associated with lungworm infection and identifi cation of species of lungworm in sheep in Dangla district, Northwestern Ethiopia. 21 Sep, 2019 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-5-144.php A household (HHs) survey was conducted to collect the information on household dairy farming with special reference to management of livestock, milk production and marketing as well as role of livestock in household income in Naushahro Feroze district of Sindh Province of Pakistan. Six hundred households were selected from 40 villages in four out of nine Talukas (administrative units) using multistage clustering method. 26 Aug, 2019 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-5-143.php Congenital problems can be caused by genetic or chromosomal abnormalities. Some of these problems can be treated through different methods. These methods of treatment depend on the level defection. A twenty-fi ve days old female cross bred buffalo calf was presented at out-door of Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad with a complaint of an extra tail and maggots’ infestation. 01 Aug, 2019 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-5-142.php The study was conducted in Gemachis and Doba districts of West Hararghe Zone of Ethiopia to investigate the major constraints and opportunities of small-scale cattle fattening practices, and identify cattle selection criteria used for fattening purpose. Multi stage sampling procedure was employed to obtain a total of 171 cattle fatteners. 16 Jul, 2019 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-5-141.php To understand the fundamental mechanisms behind malignancy of breast tumors and also contribute to the discovery of improved methods for prevention, diagnosis and treatment, animal cancer models remain essential. We aimed to establish an optimal orthotopic cancer model for breast cancer in the immunocompetent Swiss mouse, describing the detailed microanatomy of the mammary glands, the sentinel lymph node and lymphatic mapping, evaluating histopathological changes and characterizing the tumor by computed microtomography and interleukins expression. The inoculation of fresh Ehrlich tumor cells led to a detectable tumor as early as 24 hours later; after 7 days, mammary, muscular, dermal vascular and lymphatic invasion were observed and also micrometastases in mammary adipose tissue, sentinel lymph node and contralateral lymph node. 15 Jul, 2019 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-5-140.php Poultry is the largest group of livestock species in the world in which chickens largely dominate the fl ock composition. The poultry sector in Ethiopia can be characterized into three major production systems based on selected parameters like breed, fl ock size, housing, feeding, health, technology, biosecurity and others. These are large scale commercial, small scale commercial and village poultry production systems. 10 Jul, 2019 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-5-139.php Evaluation of goat semen, extended in Cornell University 16 extender, was used to study the effects of melatonin of various concentrations on sperm motility (SM) %, alive sperm (AS) % and sperm abnormalities (SA) % of extended goat semen stored at 5°C for seven days were studied. Melatonin at the doses of 0.0, 10.0, 15.0 and 20.0 μg/ 100 x 106 sperm was added to the extended semen and the samples were examined daily for the previous parameters. Additionally, the infl uence of melatonin on post-thawing motility was assessed. 25 May, 2019 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-5-138.php This study was designed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Algerian honey and some extracts of Nigella sativa L. seeds against animal wound bacteria. To do this, the preparation of Nigella sativa L. seed extracts was carried out by macerating the seed powder in increasingly polar solvents (ethyl acetate, ethanol and methanol). The antibacterial activity of honey and Nigella sativa L. seed extracts against the bacterial isolates was studied by Agar Well Diffusion Assay. The results showed that the different honey concentrations (20%, 50%, 70% and 100% v/v) were found to be active against all the bacterial isolates. The different Nigella sativa L. seed extracts showed a variable activity at the concentration 300 mg/mL against the bacterial isolates. Ethanolic extract of Nigella sativa L. seeds was found to be active against all the bacterial isolates. Methanolic extract of Nigella sativa L. seeds was found to be active against all the bacterial isolates except Escherichia coli. Also, ethyl acetate extract of Nigella sativa L. seeds was found to be active against all the bacterial isolates except Enterococcus faecalis. In conclusion; Algerian honey (of the region of El-Eulma) and ethanolic extract of Nigella sativa L. seeds can be used as an alternative remedy for the treatment of different animal wounds. 14 May, 2019 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-5-137.php The aim of this study is to evaluate the bactericidal activity of honey alone and honey mixed with different Nigella sativa L. seed extracts against bacterial isolates from chronic wounds of domestic carnivores. The preparation of Nigella sativa L. seed extracts was carried out by macerating the seed powder in increasingly polar solvents (ethyl acetate, ethanol and methanol). The study of the minimum bactericidal concentration of honey alone and honey mixed with different Nigella sativa L. seed extracts was carried out by Broth Dilution Method. The results showed that the addition of different Nigella sativa L. seed extracts decreased the bactericidal activity of honey against Escherichia coli and potentiated this bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus intermedius. 08 May, 2019 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-5-136.php Dual purpose poultry package demonstration was undertaken at Awsi resu zone, Asayta district, Korodora kebele agro pastoral association with the objectives of demonstrating and evaluating the performance of chicken under agro pastoral management condition. Agro pastoral association and participant were selected purposively from the district, on the basis of experience and willingness to construct poultry house and cover all the associated package costs. A total of ten households were selected based on the package requirements. 14 Mar, 2019 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-5-135.php A purposive study was conducted from November 2011 to April 2012 with the objective of determining the characteristics of hydatid cysts and to assess the current status of economic losses of hydatidosis in cattle slaughtered at Adama municipality abattoir. Hydatid cysts were characterized on the basis of their size, fertility and viability. Routine meat inspection procedure was conducted on organs namely lung, liver, kidney, heart and spleen involving visualization and palpation to detect the presence of hydatid cysts. Out of the total of 2276 hydatid cysts counted, 1126(49.5%), 913(40.1%) and 237(10.4%) were found to be small, medium and large size respectively. Out of the total of 300 cysts examined for the fertility test, 29(9.6%), 188(62.6%) and 83(27.6%) were found to be fertile, sterile and calcified respectively. The rate of cyst calcification was higher in the liver than in the lung while fertility rate was higher among the cysts of the lung. The direct financial loss during the study period was 8,749 ETB. This result was assessed from the mean retail market price of each organs multiplied by the total number of organs condemned at Adama abattoir during the study period. 17 Jan, 2019 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-5-134.php Total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) refers to the induction and maintenance of general anaesthesia with drugs administered solely by the intravenous (IV) route. Presently, ketamine and propofol are popular and in use for TIVA in small animals. This study compared ketamine and propofol anaesthesia in cats premedicated with acepromazine-dexmedetomidine combination. Six indigenous Nigerian local cats were premedicated with intramuscular injection of acepromazine (0.2mg/kg) and dexmedetomidine (40µg/kg) mixture, followed by induction of anesthesia with either bolus propofol (1mg/kg) or ketamine (0.5mg/kg) IV 20 min later. Maintenance of anesthesia for 2h was achieved with continous fluid administration using dose of 0.5ml/8ml and 0.05ml/8ml in lactated Ringers solution for propofol and ketamine respectively. One week space was allowed between protocols in the crossover experiment. 06 Jan, 2019 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-5-133.php Background: This study was conducted to determine whether dexmedetomidine exhibits a protective effect against sudden and short term hypoxia on brain, heart, lung, liver, and kidney in rat model which sudden hyperglycemia and hypertension developed. Methods: In this randomised and double blind study, the experiment was performed on 30 male Wistar Albino rats 250-300 g weight. The rats were randomly assigned into 2 groups which are control group (C, n = 15), and dexmedetomidine group (D, n = 15). All rats were made hyperglycemic by a single injection of streptozotocin (STZ) (50 mg/kg) then, adrenalin (0.03 mg/kg) was injected intraperitonealy to make sudden hypertension. Dexmedetomidine (10 µg/kg/min, total dose 2.5-3.3 µg) was infused intraperitonealy in group D, and saline to group C. They were sacrified until observing siyanosis on the feet and stopping the body movement. 21 Dec, 2018 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-4-132.php Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a valuable source for regenerative therapy and tissue engineering. MSCs are multipotent adherent stem cells that can be isolated from different adult and fetal tissues. In contrast to human MSCs, MSCs from large animal models have not yet been described by the uniform criteria, which include the characteristic phenotype of surface molecules, expression of stemness markers and differentiation potencies. The current review describes state of the art for characterization for MSCs from three species of domestic ungulates, including cattle (Bos taurus), swine (Sus scrofa) and sheep (Ovis aries). The comparative analysis of surface phenotype, gene expression and differentiation capacities of MSCs from different origins allows defining the consensus phenotype of bovine, ovine and porcine MSCs. We also discuss the major data discrepancies and pitfalls that are complicating the successful research of MScs from domestic livestock. This review emphasizes the pressing need for the unification of mesenchymal stem cell criteria in the veterinary field. 28 Nov, 2018 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-4-131.php Staphylococcus aureus, also known as “golden staph”, is a gram-positive coccus belonging to the class Bacilli, order Bacillales, family Staphylococcaceae and genus Staphylococcus [1]. It is a facultative anaerobe often positive for catalase and nitrate reduction and is coagulase variable i.e. maybe cogulase positive or negative [2]. The bacterium is non-motile, non-spore forming and appearing as bunch of grapes, microscopically. On blood agar it shows large, round, golden-yellow colonies often with hemolysis. 23 Jul, 2018 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-4-130.php Gene editing technology, from the beginning of RNA interference (RNAi) technology to efficient developed enzyme technology, has been widely used in recent years. These efficient enzyme technologies include zinc finger nuclease (ZFN) technology, transcriptional activation-like effector nuclease (TALENs) technology, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated (Cas) 9 system &#40;CRISPR/Cas9&#41; technology. 13 Jul, 2018 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-4-129.php In present study, we identified the structural characteristics of the Beaufortia kweichowensis mtDNA control region using the next-generation sequencing method. Result showed that the control region could be further divided into three parts, including the extended termination associated sequence domain (ETAS), the central conserved domains (CSB-F, CSB-E, CSB-D) and the conserved sequence block domains (CSB-1, CSB-2, CSB-3), and their conserved sequences were identified. 27 Feb, 2018 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-4-128.php The objective of this experimental survey is to distinguish the effect of phytogenic products (Volarom®) as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) on the gut morpho-histology of broilers chickens, reared under optimal environmental conditions. Undred 1-day- Cobb strain chick males were divided into 2 groups (control and experimental). The broiler chickens received the following feed: control group: basic feed, experimental group: basic feed + 50 ml of phytogenic complex / 50 chicks in water for 42 days... 04 Jan, 2018 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-4-127.php Somatic cells, such as bacteria fi ghting leukocytes, are present in cow’s milk as an immune response to combat intramammary infection. The primary objective of this study was to determine the effect of various factors on the somatic cell count, or SCC, within the milk of dairy cows. Factors studied in comparison to the SCC include the number of bacteria within the cows’ milk, the age of the cows, the number of Hypoderma lineatum lesions on the cows, and the cows’ diet and the sanitation practice at separate farms. 07 Dec, 2017 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-3-126.php Hemangiosarcoma is a malignant tumor of endothelial cells and mostly seen in dogs than in other species. A 10-year male German shepherd dog (GSD) was presented to the small animal clinic with history of swollen abdomen and weakness. The dog was conscious but lethargic, weak, tachycardic with muffl ed heart sounds, labored breathing and tensed swollen abdomen. Radiography, Ultrasonography and a hemogram and biochemistry indicated splenic mass, internal hemorrhage and hemostasis pathology. The dog was euthanized and on post mortem examination, diagnosis of splenic hemangiosarcoma was made. 27 Oct, 2017 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-3-125.php Nephrotoxic side effects of gemcitabine have been reported in patients receiving this drug medication. Melatonin is a potent free radical scavenger and antioxidant and has protective effects against ischemic damage. In the present study, we examined the relationship between the renal protective effects of melatonin in tubular damage induced by gemcitabine. This study was conducted simultaneously as a case of 48 male wistar rat, weighing approximately 20 ± 250 g and aged 8 weeks were used. The rats were randomly divided into 3 groups. 19 Sep, 2017 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-3-124.php A cross sectional study was conducted from October, 2015 up to March, 2016 in Jimma town, Oromia Regional State of South West Ethiopia, with the objective of determining the prevalence of intestinal nematode parasites of equines and the effect of putative risk factors on the rate of helminth parasite infections. A total of 400 Equines; donkeys (n=29), horses (n=317) and mules (n=54) were included in the study. Out of 400 faecal samples examined, three species of nematode eggs were identifi ed during the study period. 13 Aug, 2017 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-3-123.php Background: Limited information exists concerning on the effect of diatomaceous earth (DAE) on afl atoxin-induced DNA damage in visceral and lymphoid organs. 07 Aug, 2017 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-3-122.php The parenteral use of amino acids and vitamins has been used to improve performance in animal production. 07 Aug, 2017 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/IJVSR-3-121.pdf The cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus is an ectoparasite able to transmit a large number of pathogens, causing considerable losses in the cattle industry, with substantial damage to livestock. 12 Jun, 2017 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-3-120.php Animal disease problems have been investigated by veterinarians through undertaking a careful and clinical examination with the objective of recognizing the nature of the affection. 18 Apr, 2017 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-3-119.php A cross sectional coprological study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of intestinal helminths. Demographic data on sex, age, purpose of dog keeping, sleeping area, fecal disposal and deworming status in dogs in Kangemi area of Nairobi, Kenya was also taken. 23 Feb, 2017 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-3-118.php This article describes a primary hypoadrenocorticism (HA) case report in a spayed mix-breeded German shepherd ten years old female dog that had unspecifi c symptoms during a week. 20 Feb, 2017 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-3-117.php The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of divalent ion chelating agent EGTA (ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid) in the freezing extender on quality of cryopreserved bull sperm. The freezing extender (egg yolk Tris glycerol) was supplemented with 0 (non-supplemented), 1, 5, 10 and 15 mM EGTA. Bull sperm EGTA improved post thaw sperm quality but in different parameters according to the concentration of EGTA, 5 mM improved the acrosomal state and 1 mM the motility. Our results suggest the EGTA supplementation in the freezing extender of bull sperm might improve the post-thawing sperm quality. 14 Feb, 2017 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-3-116.php Largemouth bass micropterus salmoides natives to freshwater area of North America, which is a kind of famous global economic fi sh, and belongs to Centrarchidae, Perciformes in taxonomy. 07 Feb, 2017 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-3-115.php A fi eld work was conducted to study the density of the freshwater snail in relation to the vegetation cover as well as the physical and chemical properties in different watercourses. 01 Feb, 2017 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-3-114.php The repair of large abdominal defects remains a complex surgical problem of insuffi cient autogenous tissue for adequate reconstruction. 29 Dec, 2016 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-2-113.php Trypanosomosis is caused by different species of unicellular eukaryotic haemoflagellate Trypanosoma. Though human infection by animal species of trypanosomes is “not possible” as these species fails to infect humans due to innate immunity of the host due to presence of trypanolytic factor in human serum, however, across the world 20 patients with atypical human trypanosomosis are documented, eight of which are confirmed between 1974 and 2014 due to improved molecular diagnostic assays. 22 Dec, 2016 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-2-112.php The aim of this study is to assess the effects of pregnancy and lactation on selected antioxidant profile in Aardi, goats. Blood samples were taken from sixteen goats approached 3-4 months of pregnancy, and a month before parturition, blood samples were taken, and weekly until parturition, and then every week until four weeks postpartum. 25 May, 2016 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-2-111.php Bovine genital campylobacteriosis (BGC) is a true venereal disease of cattle. This disease results in infertility, embryonic and fetal death, metritis, salpingitis, pyometra, and abortion in cattle, and sheep and goats as well. The causal agent of BGC, is Campylobacter fetus. 16 Apr, 2016 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-2-110.php Grevy's zebra is a member of the horse family Equidae and so is closely related to horses, asses and other zebras. They inhabit dry desert regions and open grasslands. Grevy's zebra is one of the world's most threatened wild equids and is IUCN red-listed as endangered. 07 Apr, 2016 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-2-109.php Camel milk differs from other ruminant milk as it contains low cholesterol, low sugar, high minerals, high vitamin C and higher protective proteins like lactoferrin, lactoperoxidase, Immunoglobulins and lysozyme. 20 Jan, 2016 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-2-108.php Inevitable side effects of chemical food preservatives and drug resistance have increased interests on use of natural preservatives derived from plants. Therefore, in the present paper, the biological properties of Mentha longifolia L. essential oil were studied. Chemical analysis (GC/MS) and antibacterial properties of the Mentha longifolia L. essential oil (EO) was under different temperature and pH values were evaluated with special reference to the mechanism of inhibition Listeria monocytogenes growth at ultra-structural level by TEM. 02 Jan, 2016 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-2-107.php The present study was undertaken to investigate the influence of some environmental factors including temperature, water vegetation, bed mud and pH on LC50, LC90 and LT50 of bisphenol A (BPA) on the snail host of Schistosoma mansoni, Biomphalaria alexandrina. Effects of exposure to the sublethal concentrations of BPA on some biological aspects of the snails and on the cercarial output form S. mansoni infected snails were studied. Results showed that temperature, water vegetation, bed mud and pH markedly affected the lethality of BPA. 02 Jan, 2016 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-2-106.php Shrimp farming is one of the most important aquaculture practices worldwide. In general, the excess feed and faecal matter deposited in the bottom of the pond undergo ammonification and result in excess of ammonia formation in pond water and sediment. In addition, eutrophication in the culture system/pond can cause stress to the animals and ultimately end with microbial diseases. 18 Dec, 2015 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-1-105.php Subclinical bovine coccidiosis is an economic problem worldwide because they appear normal outwardly, but developmental stages damage the absorptive surface of the intestine and weaken the immune system. Information on the occurrence, diversity and economic losses due to Eimeria infection in cattle is lacking in Al-Baha area. The objective of this work was to study prevalence of subclinical bovine coccidia, throughout Al-Baha area and to evaluate various factors that might potentially influence prevalence and rate of pathogen excretion. 16 Dec, 2015 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-1-104.php Diarrhea in young calves in dairy farms is one of the main causes of economic losses, morbidity and mortality. The use of probiotic products as feed additives or complements is a novel alternative for the prevention of intestinal syndromes. In order to include beneficial bacteria in the design of a probiotic product, their functional and safety characteristics must be studied. 16 Oct, 2015 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-1-103.php Hemangiosarcoma (HSA) is a common and highly metastatic tumor that affects predominantly large-breed dogs. The median survival time for dogs diagnosed with splenic HSA without adjuvant chemotherapy after surgery is 86 days. 23 Sep, 2015 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-1-102.php The semen of rams suffers during cryopreservation, and the sperm plasma membrane breaks down during the process, creating the deleterious effect of reducing their fertilization capacity. The homeopathic medicines Medicago sativa and Aloe vera were tested to evaluate membrane protection during cryopreservation in diluent media established for the species. Semen samples from five rams were frozen in two different diluents and analyzed after thirty days of freezing. The Glycine-Yolk-Milk diluent supplemented with Medicago sativa in the twelfth Hahnemann's centesimal potency led to decreased loss of motility and vigor of semen in rams evaluated in farms. 21 Sep, 2015 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/IJVSR-1-101.php A two-year-old ewe was presented to Veterinary Hospital, with a sudden onset of diarrhea, epistaxis, reluctance to move and recumbency which eventually led to its death. After necropsy and tissue sample collection for further examinations, histopathological study revealed large submucosal vascular structures with some thrombotic and blood filled spaces indicator of nasotracheal cavernous hemangioma.