https://www.clinsurggroup.us/journals/global-journal-of-clinical-virology A Peertechz Open Access Journal en-us 18 Nov, 2025 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/GJCV-10-116.php Several herpesviruses are capable of infecting equines, and these pathogens all have common structural, genetic, and biological characteristics. Notably, they exhibit similar viral organisation, undergo replication in distinct stages, and possess the ability to establish persistent infections. In horses, equine herpesvirus (EHV) transmission and excretion can occur by various routes, including direct contact with respiratory secretions, environmental contamination, or vertical transmission in certain cases. Protection against these infections relies on a complex immune response: humoral immunity helps to limit viral dissemination, while cellular immunity plays a vital role in controlling the replication and clearance of the virus. A central aspect of herpesvirus biology is their ability to establish latency in the host organism and reactivate in response to various stress factors, which has a significant impact on their epidemiology and the dynamics of infectious foci. This review provides a detailed synthesis of the taxonomy, general structure, replication cycle, transmission and excretion mechanisms, immune responses, and latency and reactivation processes of EHV types 1 and 4 (EHV-1 and EHV-4), the two major agents responsible for respiratory, reproductive, and neurological diseases in equines. 17 Jun, 2025 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/GJCV-10-115.php Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection is a predominant cause of liver disease among haemophiliacs. Evidence on the impact of HCV infection and infecting viral genotypes among haemophiliacs in Sri Lanka is lacking in the current context. Evidence of the infecting viral genotype may guide tailor-made treatment. Objectives: This study was aimed at determining the genotype distribution, seroprevalence, and associated factors of HCV infection among haemophiliacs in the Western Province, the most populous area of Sri Lanka. Methodology: This descriptive cross-sectional study utilized plasma samples of 133 haemophiliacs followed up at three major tertiary-care hospitals and a children’s hospital in the Western Province, from December 2017 to April 2018. All samples were tested for HCV antigens and antibodies, followed by HCV RNA and genotyping on sero-positive samples, with commercially validated, in-house verified diagnostics. Data on demographics and disease characteristics were obtained through interviews and clinical records. Results were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, with P<0.05 considered significant. Results: HCV sero-positivity was detected among 3.8%(5/133). Of these, HCV RNA was detected in 2(40%) patients, with infecting genotypes being 1 and 3. None of the associated factors analyzed showed a statistical significance (p < 0.05) with HCV sero-positivity. Conclusion: A comparatively lower HCV seroprevalence reinforces the effectiveness of donor screening for HCV in Sri Lanka. However, a higher seroprevalence compared to the general population highlights the importance of routine HCV screening in haemophiliacs. Identification of genotype 3 positive patients would be informative in deciding treatment protocols and the development of specific national treatment strategies for the country. 19 Oct, 2023 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/GJCV-8-113.php CMV is a major cause of disease and mortality in patients undergoing Solid Organ Transplants (SOT) and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplants (HSCT). In SOT, CMV infection usually establishes itself in the first three months after transplantation in patients who do not receive prophylaxis. 14 Jun, 2022 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/GJCV-7-112.php Introduction: COVID-19 is new pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Several factors of bad prognosis have been implicated including diabetes. Several poor prognostic factors have been associated with the severity of this disease, including diabetes. In Congo, no study to date has investigated the profile of diabetics hospitalized for COVID-19. The aim of this study was to evaluate the biological profile of Congolese diabetic patients admitted to the hospital for COVID-19 in Pointe-Noire. Materials and methods: This was a prospective study conducted among patients hospitalized for COVID-19 in Pointe-Noire between March and November 2020. Sociodemographic, clinical and biological data, duration of hospitalization, and viral load were investigated. A total of 84 COVID-19 patients have been admitted to Louise Michel Clinic and the Adolph Sice General Public Hospital. Two groups were formed: diabetic patients and non-diabetic patients based on the history of antidiabetic medication or fasting plasma blood glucose levels at admission. Results between the two groups were compared. Results: Out of 84 COVID-19 patients, 48 were diabetic (mean age: 48.50 ± 11.98 years) versus 36 non-diabetic (mean age: 45.56 ± 8.48 years). Significant increases in fasting blood glucose, D-dimers, white blood cells, low oxygen saturation (SaPO2), and higher mortality was observed were observed in COVID-19-positive diabetics when compared to non-diabetic patients(p < 0.02). However, no significant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of clinical symptoms. An increased risk of death was associated with higher levels of D-dimers and HbA1c at admission in the diabetic group. Conclusion: An increase in D-dimer levels and high blood glucose levels at admission increased the risk of death in diabetic patients with COVID-19 in Pointe-Noire. 01 Apr, 2021 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/GJCV-6-111.php Coronavirus that is also known as COVID-19 disease is produced by SARSCoV-2. This causative agent is highly contagious and can cause potentially fatal pneumonia worldwide with serious public health concerns. In the beginning among infected individuals, most of them were those who were mainly shown to the wet animal market in a big city of China known as Wuhan. So, it was suggested that this was almost certainly the zoonotic source of COVID-19illness. The transitional source of origin and their mode of transmission to humans were not known obviously. Conversely, from human to human rapidly transformation have been confirmed generally. Currently, there is no availability of FDA approved clinically antiviral drugs and/or vaccines to be used against the COVID-19. Afterward, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, the occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 has been manifested as the third sketch of an enormously pathogenic coronavirus into human population globally. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the history of COVID-19 in Pakistan up-to 24th weeks after beginning, current situation, epidemiology, and its impact on the human population. Moreover, we focused on physiological variation during the incubation period, genome analysis of SARS-CoV2, supportive treatment approaches, and safety measures in the Pakistani population, which may be supportive for combating the risk of COVID-19 epidemic. We also reviewed the future approaches for the development of therapeutic interventions and vaccines to cope with the COVID-19 epidemic. 10 Mar, 2021 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/GJCV-6-110.php A novel coronavirus virus (2019-nCov) emerged in China in December 2019, which posed an International Public Health Emergency in a couple of weeks, and very recently entered World Health Organization (WHO) status as a very high-risk group. The International Committee on Virus Taxonomy (ICTV) called this virus the Extreme Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), and the disease is known as Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19). The COVID-19 caused nearly 1,913,391 individuals, out of a total of around 88,861,041 confirmed cases affected by this infection until January 8, 2021. This edition offers a brief overview of the most outstanding features and information about the emerging coronavirus infection, the present worldwide scenario and mechanism of illness, replication and dissemination, as well as ongoing progress in the control and management of this disease, which has now spread to more than 100 countries around the world. Note that researchers worldwide and various health agencies are all working together to stop the spread of this virus and avoid any possible pandemic situation that would otherwise endanger millions of people’s lives. 22 Jan, 2021 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/GJCV-6-109.php ious pandemics. Methods: The selected population sample was 765 total Italian Covid positive symptomatic and asymptomatic patients, divided into the two categories (308 symptomatic and 457 asymptomatic) and by age groups. In order to investigate these elements, an information questionnaire was specifically drawn up concerning the state of health and the period of the illness, in addition to the personal and family history and the specific indicators identified for this research. Results: The first level concerns the psychological implication during and after the viral infection, whereby: a) symptomatic individuals with a previous psychological diagnosis (127 patients) reported medium-high values of malaise in all three areas of investigation for 51.02% (65 patients), with the high value of malaise for 48.98% (62 patients) and a consequent worsening of the previous psychopathological condition, especially for those who declared to suffer from mood, anxiety, obsessive and somatic disorders, persisting even until the sixth month after recovery; b) symptomatic individuals without a previous psychological diagnosis (330 patients) reported medium to high levels of malaise in all three surveyed areas for 72.30% (241 patients), with the highest level of malaise for 27.70% (89 patients) with symptoms typical of mood, anxiety, obsessive and somatic disorders, which persisted even until the sixth month after recovery; c) the asymptomatic patients with a previous psychological diagnosis (87 patients) reported medium-high levels of malaise in all three surveyed areas for 71.25% (62 patients), with the highest level of malaise for 28.75% (25 patients) and a consequent worsening of the previous psychopathological condition, especially for those who declared to suffer from mood, anxiety, obsessive and somatic disorders, lasting up to the sixth month after recovery; d) the asymptomatic patients without a previous psychological diagnosis (221 patients) reported medium-high values of malaise in all three areas of investigation for 90.55% (200 patients), with the highest value of malaise for 9.45% (21 patients) with symptoms typical of mood, anxiety, obsessive and somatic disorders, lasting even until the sixth month after recovery. The second level concerns the immunobiological implication, starting from the question “did your (biological) parents or grandparents contract one of the listed pandemic influences?”: 80.34% (618 patients) confirmed the positive answer to the question, while the remaining 16.12% (124 patients) answered “don’t know” and 3.54% (23 patients) answered “no”. Conclusions: Despite the limitations of this research, the data obtained make us reflect both on the hypothesis of increasing psychological support for these patients, in order to cope better with their condition, and on the immunobiological hypothesis as described above, wishing for greater attention in the future on these profiles, which are currently underestimated and overshadowed by economic and political interests on the commodification of vaccines by pharmaceutical companies. 20 Jan, 2021 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/GJCV-6-108.php Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection is a major health problem in the developing countries counting Pakistan. This study aimed to examine causes and molecular prevalence of HBV in district Bannu Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan. For the diagnosis of anti HBV antibodies a total of 500 blood sample were collected from gender patients, (300 males and 200 females) were screened, directed by clinicians of HBV in the Khalifa Gull Nawaz Teaching Hospital Bannu. All the individuals were aged between 01-60 years categorized into three groups. Out of which 78 (26%) males and 48(24%) females were reported positive for anti HBV. Individuals including 75 (25%) males and 47 (23.5%) females were found positive for HBV DNA while the remaining 4patients including 2 males and 2 female were found negative. Sex-wise distribution of HBV infection shows that as compared to female population 47 (23.5%) male population was more infected 75 (25%), the higher prevalence rate was found in female as compare to male. The present study also observed prevalence of HBV age wise from 1 to 60 years. The lowest HBV rate is found in age group of 1-20.This may be due to the reason that they have a strong immune system and also have a minimum contact with a factors transmitted HBV such as a barber contact, drug abuse, tattooing and piercing, surgery, and blood transfusion. Moderate rate is found in age group 21-40.This is due to the fact that these people have weak immune response and high contact with risk factors associates with HBV than children. Highest prevalent rate found in age group of 41-60 due to weak immune system and lack of awareness. Extensive vaccination and other preventive measures should be taken to stop the spread of this dreadful disease in the general population of District Bannu KP Pakistan. 26 Jun, 2020 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/GJCV-5-107.php COVID-19 virus has emerged as a global pandemic. This zoonotic virus has known to be originated in China, which within few weeks has spread across the world. The virus has infected millions of people and lakhs have died due to this virus. It has high transmissibility with a reproductive number (Ro) of 2.2. Many cases are reported asymptomatic, hence making the control of the infection a herculean task. Many countries have resorted to lockdowns to flatten the curve of infection, leading to shutting of many businesses and pushing the global economy into severe recession. India’s GDP is said to be in negative territory, as expected by Reserve Bank of India. The review summarizes about the global efforts that are been made to develop novel, rapid, reliable and affordable molecular diagnostic assays such as nucleotide and antigen-based detection assays and serological assays. Many of them are under developing stage and few have received an Emergency Use Authorisation (EUA) or Conformite Europeene (CE) certification for their application in different hospitals and clinical settings. For confirmatory diagnosis, such category of molecular diagnostics needs to replace the presently employed Real-Time PCR assays that are high in installation, testing cost and expertise intensive normally resulting in delay for obtaining results. These limitations do not permit an exhaustive testing needed under the current pandemic situation. The new category of rapid, reliable, low cost diagnostic once deployed would effectively help in arresting the community transmission of the disease to a larger extent, thereby easing of lockdown situations and contributes towards revival of economy. 29 Nov, 2019 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/GJCV-4-106.php The current study was performed on the dominance of hepatitis B and C in three tehsils of District Dir upper namely Dir, Wari and Sheringal. The data were collected from three tehsils in which 11 were positive cases and 339 were found negative cases during my research work. 15 Nov, 2019 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/GJCV-4-105.php The development of the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method and the implementation of realtime PCR multiplex molecular genetic technologies in the laboratory practice of diagnosing infectious viral diseases have allowed faster and high-sensitivity to detect different etiopathogens directly in clinical specimens. 29 Nov, 2018 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/GJCV-3-104.php Objective: To analyze the meanings attributed by young Catholics on the interface prevention to HIV and sexuality from the perspective of social representations. Methods: It is a qualitative study that used the Theory of Social Representations as a theoretical contribution for analysis and discussion, carried out with 84 practicing young Catholics, who responded to the inducing stimuli of the Free Speech Evocation Test and an open question for the interview in depth. The data were collected online, on facebook, with young participants of the World Youth Day. It was used for the analysis: Correspondence Factor and Lexical Content with the aid of softwares. 09 Feb, 2017 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/GJCV-2-103.php A few virus strain mutations for many viruses can cause the problem of the inaccurate testing in clinical laboratory settings. Therefore, we put forward the following strategies and recommendations including re-examination using different methods or a comparative study or a parallel control study by different kits, and performing virus nucleic acid sequencing analysis if necessary. 21 Dec, 2016 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/GJCV-1-102.php The patient was a 21 year-old male who showed high fever and an influenza virus B antigen positive nasal specimen. He was initially suspected as influenza-related bronchitis and pharyngitis by group A Streptococcus; however, his fever, sore throat and skin eruption did not improve although he was administered anti-influenza drugs and amoxicillin for four days. 15 Oct, 2016 https://www.clinsurggroup.us/articles/GJCV-1-101.php Persistently normal alanine aminotransferase (PNALT) is present in 30 to 40% of chronic hepatitis patients and it is generally accepted that they have no liver damage. However, some studies suggest that there are some degrees of mild to moderate histological liver damage. We evaluated the fibrosis stage and the virological outcome in treated patients with PNALT.