Authors:
Hannah Bykar1, Gowrie Mohan S1, Amit Patel2, Ahilan Pathmanathan3 and Nikhil Vasdev3,4*
Affiliation(s):
1Department of Anaesthetics, Lister Hospital, Stevenage, UK
2Department of Radiology, Lister Hospital, Stevenage, UK
3School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, UK
4Hertfordshire and Bedfordshire Urological Cancer Centre, Department of Urology, Lister Hospital, Stevenage, UK
Dates:
Received: 04 December, 2015;Accepted: 12 December, 2015; Published: 15 December, 2015
*Corresponding author:
Mr Nikhil Vasdev, Hertfordshire and Bedfordshire Urological Cancer Centre, Department of Urology, Lister Hospital, Stevenage, E-Mail: @
Citation:
Bykar H, Gowrie MS, Patel A, Pathmanathan A, Vasdev N (2015) Emergency JJ Stent for Septic Shock under Remifentanil Sedation - An Option when Interventional Radiology is not available. Arch Clin Nephrol 1(1): 010-011.
Copyright:
© 2015 Bykar H, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Keywords:
Chronic kidney disease; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Stroke; Intravenous Thrombolysis; Complications
Abbreviations:
CKD: Chronic Kidney Disease; IS: Ischemic Stroke; GFR: Glomerular Filtration Rate; rt-PA: recombinant tissue Plasminogen Activator; ICH: Intracranial Hemorrhage; NINDS: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke; ASPECTS: Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score; NIHSS: National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; mRS: modified Rankin Score; CKD-EPI: Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration; SCr: Serum Creatinine; OR: Odds Ratios; CVAs: Cerebrovascular Accidents
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Background: Acute renal failure (ARF) continues to be a challenging problem in critically ill patients. We reviewed the nephrology consultations in our ICU to assess the necessity of those consultations and if there are any clinical criteria to indicate a necessary consultation.

Methods: Retrospective chart review of nephrology consultations for patients with ARF in our medical ICU from 2010 to 2011. After data collection we classified consultations to necessary versus unnecessary based on an experts review. We used chi square and multivariate logistic regression model to compare both groups

Results: We found that 45% of patients with ARF admitted to the ICU received nephrology consultation. 32% were identified as unnecessary. Age, gender and etiology were similar in both groups. Oliguria independently predicted the need for nephrology consultation

Conclusions: Oliguria predicted the need for nephrology consultation independent of ARF etiology and could be utilized as a clinical guide for the necessity of nephrology consultation.

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Case Report

A 75-year-old man presented to the emergency department with a 2 day history of feeling generally unwell and with pain in his left renal angle. His past medical history included ischaemic heart disease, peripheral vascular disease with a previous AAA repair 6 years ago and 5 vessel CABG 3 years ago. He had prostate cancer with bone metastases and completed his 4th cycle of chemotherapy 3 days earlier. He was also in full remission for Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma since 2001. He was an ex-smoker, with a reduced exercise tolerance of 90 meters due to claudication, but independent in his activities of daily living.

On assessment he had a blood pressure of 96/55mmHg, heart rate of 100 beats per minute, respiratory rate of 18 on 24% oxygen, saturations of 98%, and a temperature of 36.5°C. He had a capillary refill time of 6 seconds, and was cool and clammy. Blood tests demonstrated a hemoglobin of 101g/L, hematocrit 0.315L/L, platelets 316x109/L, white cell count 17.9x109/L, C - reactive protein 123mg/L, INR 1.2, creatinine 157umol/L, and urea 11.7mmol/L. A venous blood gas revealed metabolic derangement: pH 7.38, pCO2 4.11KPa, pO2 5.27KPa, bicarbonate 19.1mmol/L, base excess -6.0mmol/L and lactate 6.32mmol/L. Fluids were given, blood cultures taken and antibiotics initiated. An abdominal CT scan demonstrated a 9mm focus of calcification in the left distal ureter with a left hydroureter, hydronephrosis, swollen kidney and perinephric stranding (Figure 1). There was also fluid tracking into the left lumbar region and iliac fossa. Additionally, the scan showed small pleural effusions, atelectasis, and bone metastasis.

  1. Figure 1:



The patient’s condition deteriorated. He was in septic shock. Blood pressure was 86/43mmHg, heart rate 112 beats per minute, respiratory rate 25, 95% saturations on 2L nasal cannula, and temperature 36.0°C. An arterial blood gas on 2L oxygen showed: pH 7.27, pCO2 3.27KPa, pO2 13.18KPa, bicarbonate 11.1mmol/L, base excess -13.8mmol/L, lactate 8.77mmol/L. Blood results demonstrates hemoglobin 88g/L, hematocrit 0.269L/L, platelets 311x109/L, white cells 24.0x109/L, c-reactive protein 230mg/L, INR 1.4, creatinine 149umol/L, and urea 12.4mmol/L. In view of the patients acute deterioration an urgent un-obstruction of the infected system was required. An interventional radiology service was not available on-site and the patient was not stable to transfer to a surrounding hospital in view of his rapidly deteriorating condition.

After discussing the situation with the patient and family, consent was obtained to organize an urgent JJ stent insertion to achieve source control.

In the anesthetic room a vascath was inserted, along with arterial and central lines. Noradrenaline was initiated. Goals for resuscitation included CVP 8-12mmHg, mean arterial pressure ≥65mmHg, adequate urine output, and superior vena cava venous oxygen saturations of 70% in accordance with the Surviving Sepsis Campaign [1].

Due to sepsis and cardiovascular instability, central neuraxial blockade was deemed inappropriate, with the possible risk of a spinal abscess resulting in neurological sequelae not justifiable. A general anesthetic, in such a cardiovascular unstable patient with such significant co-morbidities is complicated and associated with several risks, including prolonged post-operative ventilation in critical care.

Following a multi-disciplinary team discussion involving critical care doctors, anesthetists, surgeons and the patient, a decision was made to attempt rigid cystoscopy and JJ stent insertion under sedation (Figure 2). The patient was positioned in theatre with high flow oxygen, fluids, and noradrenaline. Intravenous paracetamol was given, a target-controlled infusion of remifentanil was initiated, and the procedure commenced. The patient was comfortable throughout, with minimal cardiovascular instability due to instrumentation of the urological tract. Resuscitation continued throughout the procedure with adjustments made to achieve optimal oxygen delivery to the tissues. Mixed venous saturations achieved a maximum of 64.9%. The procedure finished promptly within 10 minutes.

  1. Figure 1:
    Retrograde pyelogram post JJ stent placement.


Post-operatively in critical care, noradrenaline was weaned quickly and the patient made a good recovery, both symptomatically and metabolically. He did however develop atrial fibrillation on day 2, which was treated with amiodarone and bisoprolol. He was discharged from critical care 4 days postoperatively.

Early recognition and management of sepsis according to the recommendations from the Surviving Sepsis Campaign were fundamental in the final outcome of this patient [1]. Sepsis and septic shock is a major cause of death in intensive care units worldwide, especially in immunocompromised or elderly patients [2]. Additionally, the use of sedation in an operation that usually necessitates general anesthesia or central neuraxial blockade, is a novel approach and should be considered in patients where general or spinal anesthesia are associated with substantial risks or contraindicated.


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